What physical features do

you have in common with only

one of your parents?
 The features that both of
your parents have?
 What about the
characteristics that you do
not share with any of your
parents at all?
Gregory Johann Mendel
(1822-1884)

• An Austrian monk and

botanist
• The Father of Classical
Genetics
• He carried out his
famous experiments on
crosses of garden peas
WORD BANK
Alleles – a different form of a gene that
controls a certain trait
(ex. G and g or GG and gg)

One allele is DOMINANT over the other

because the dominant allele can “mask” the
RECESSIVE allele
WORD BANK

Dominant trait is represented by capital letter

(ex. G – for yellow pea)

Recessive trait is represented by small letter

(ex. g – for green pea)
WORD BANK
 Phenotypes – physical expressions of the
character
(ex. green, yellow)

Genotype – describes the genes of the individual

(ex. GG, gg)
WORD BANK
 Homozygous – gene pairs that are made up of
identical genes
(ex. GG, gg)

Heterozygous – gene pairs that are made up of

dissimilar genes
(ex. Gg)
WORD BANK
 Punnet Square – the method by which one can
determine the possible genotype and phenotypes
when two parents are crossed

Gametes – are reproductive cells that unite at

fertilization to form a new cell.
Non-Mendelian Genetics

 Incomplete Dominance
 Codominance
 Multiple Alleles
 Sex-Related Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Genetics
 Incomplete Dominance - occurs when the
phenotypes of the offspring is somewhere in
between the phenotypes of both parents; a
completely dominant allele does not occur
Non-Mendelian Genetics
 Incomplete Dominance example:

True-breeding red (R) flowered

snapdragons were crossed with true-breeding
white (r) flowered.
Non-Mendelian Genetics

 Codominance – this results when one allele is not

dominant over the other. The resulting
heterozygotes exhibit the traits of both parents.
Represented by using two different capital
letters.
 Non-Mendelian Genetics
 Codominance example: SPECKLED CHICKENS
 BB = black feathers
 WW = white feathers
 BW = black & white
speckled feathers

Notice –
NO GRAY!
NO BLEND!
Each feather is
either black or white
Non-Mendelian Genetics
 Codominance example: RHODEDENDRON
 R = allele for red flowers
  W = allele for white flowers
 Cross a homozygous red flower with
a homozygous white flower.
 Non-Mendelian Genetics
 Codominance example: APPALOOSA HORSES

 Gray horses (GG) are codominant

to white horses (WW). The
heterozygous horse (GW) is an
Appaloosa (a white horse with
gray spots).

Try this: Cross a white horse with an

appaloosa horse.
Non-Mendelian Genetics

 Multiple Alleles – when more than

two alleles control the inheritance of
a character
Lab Mouse Fur Colors
Rabbit Fur Colors
Blood Types (A, B, AB, O)
 Examples:

 Show the cross between a mother who has type

O blood and a father who has type AB blood.
 Show the cross between a mother who is
heterozygous for type B blood and a father who
is heterozygous for type A blood.
 Self Check:

1.How many genotypes are possible for a person with

blood type A? A what Are they?
2.What is the phenotype of a person with genotype
IBi? Which one is dominant, the IB trait or the i
trait?
3.What is the phenotype of IA IB?
 Self Check:

4. If i is combined with any of the other alleles, will it

be physically expressed? If so, is it dominant or
recessive?
5. Can a couple, with both husband and wife having
blood type A, produce a child with blood type O?
What should be the couple’s genotype?
 How is sex
determined?
 Nondisjunction – the failure of
the chromosomes to separate
 Syndromes due to Changes in Sex
Chromosome Number

1.Turner Syndrome (44XO – 45) – underdeveloped

ovaries, low to normal intelligence, can live
normal life with hormone supplements
2.Poly-X female (44XXX – 47) – delayed language
development, severely mentally retarded
 Syndromes due to Changes in Sex Chromosome
Number
3. Klinefelter Syndrome (44XXY – 47) – underdeveloped
testes, no facial hair, slow learner but mentally retarded,
sterile but not impotent
4. Jacobs Syndrome (44XYY – 47) - with speech and reading
problems, below average intelligence
5. Lethal (44YO) – no human can survive without an X
chromosome
Sex-Related
Inheritance
 Sex-Linked Traits
 Are inherited through the X chromosomes
 Males have only one X chromosome, thus, if they
inherit the affected X, they will have the disorder
 Females have two X chromosomes, therefore, they
can inherit/carry the trait without being affected if it
acts in a recessive manner
Sex-Linked Traits
 Example:
Sex-Linked Traits
 Example:
hypertrichosis pinnae auris
 Sex-limited Traits – are those that
are expressed exclusively in one
sex of species
Sex-limited Traits
 Example:
Sex-limited Traits
 Example:
 Sex-influenced Traits – are
expressed in both sexes but more
frequently in one than in the other
sex
Sex-influenced Traits
 Example:
Sex-influenced Traits
 Example:
The sex of fruit flies is determined in a very similar fashion to the way it is determined in
humans (i.e. males = XY and females = XX). Whites eyes in fruit flies is determined by a
X-linked, recessive gene that we shall let be represented by the letter “r”. The dominant
eye color is red and should be represented by capitol letter”R”. Diagram the cross
between a red-eye female fly and a white-eyed male. Both flies are purebred for their
respective eye colors.
XRXr = a hybrid red-eye female XRY = a red-eyed male
XRXR = a purebred red-eyed femaleXrY = a white-eyed male
XrXr = a white-eyed female
P1____________ X______________
What are the chances of obtaining:
 
A red-eyed fly? ________
A white-eyed fly? _______
A hybrid female fly? ______
  Now, mate one of the males and one of the females from the first
generation of flies (F1)
_____ X________ 
 
What are the chances of obtaining:
A red-eyed fly? ________
A white-eyed fly? _______
A red-eyed male? ______
A red-eyed female? ______
A white-eyed male? ______
A white-eyed female? ______