Manipulation of Production through

Immunoneutralization of Somatostatin
Course Title: Advanced Animal Biotechnology
Course No. BGE-5201

Presented to Presented by
Dr. Ayesha Ashraf Anisha Tashruba Riya
Professor Student ID: MS-220707
Biotechnology and Genetic Biotechnology and Genetic
Engineering Discipline Engineering Discipline
Khulna University Khulna University

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Somatostatin
Somatostatin(SS), is a naturally- C76H104N18019S2
occurring peptide hormone of 14 or
28 amino acid residues that regulates
the endocrine system.

It is also known as,

• Growth hormone-inhibiting
hormone (GHIH)
• Somatotropin release-inhibiting Fig: Somatostatin Chemical Formula
hormone (SRIHIt) and Molecular Structure
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 Somatostatin: Site of Secretion and Function

SS secreted by Hypothalamus of SS secreted by GI Tract (D cells of

Brain the islets in the pancreas, stomach ,
intestine)

Inhibit the release of Growth Hormone Inhibit the release of insulin and
and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone glucagon 3
Why Immunoneutralization Somatostatin
Immunoneutralization is a strategy where antibodies are considered to bind to a
specific biologically active compound and thereby prevent its action on target
tissue. (Frank et al., 1993)
The main purpose of SS immunoneutralization is to manipulate production ( Dairy,
meat) by eliminating activity of SS and increasing certain hormones in animal.
Increase Increase
Increase
Growth Thyroid
Insulin
Hormone Activity
• Increase in • Increase muscle growth
• Increase average
pregnancy rate in • Mature size and lean
daily gain and
beef cattle yield
decrease feed
• Increases body • Regulate metabolism
requirements per
condition score • Tend to delay fat
unit gain
(BCS) deposition
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Methods of Immunoneutralization of Somatostatin

Two approaches have been used for immunoneutralization:

1. Active, in which the animal is immunized and generates its own

antibody (Westbrook 1998)
2. Passive, where the antiserum generated in one animal is injected
acutely into another and loss efficacy over time (Culler et al., 1989)

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 Mechanism of Active Immunoneutralization of SS
First Dose of The antigen used for immunization is a 1 ml complex solution
Antigen of somatostatin and bovine serum albumin. This solution is
Administration emulsified in 1 ml of Freund’s complete adjuvant

Antigen solution is distributed between two sites in the neck,

Period of on three occasions separated by 21 days
6 months

Subcutaneous injection in the regions of the medial thighs

Second Dose of alternating left to right side, on a further three occasions
Antigen separated by 21 days with doses of 1 ml somatostatin antigen in
Administration saline emulsified in an equal volume of Freund’s incomplete
adjuvant .
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Mechanism of Passive Immunoneutralization of SS

NSS OR anti-SRIF

Transferring normal sheep serum

Active immunoneutrolization of
(NSS) or anti-somatostatin anti
SS in sheep
serum (anti-SRIF) from sheep

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Limitations
• Increasing amount of insulin may have a depressing effect on the level
of blood glucose and milk production in dairy cows.
• Hyperthyroidism may be a result of SS immunoneutralization and
cause hypermetabolism, weight loss , overeating and high circulating
thyroid hormone concentrations.
• Immunoneutralization of Somatostatin can cause alterations in islet
cell secretion in the Pancreas (John et al., 2001)

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Questions
1. Why immunoneutralization process is done?
2. How can somatostatin immunoneutralization manipulate
production?
3. Briefly elaborate Immunoneutralization process of somatostatin
4. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of SS
immunoneutralization
5. Which Immunoneutralization method is suitable for large scale
animal farming.

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Reference
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/somatostatin
A. Schneider, L. Francisco M. Pfeifer, E. Schmitt, I. Bianchi. The use of
insulin to improve fertility of timed-inseminated postpartum suckled beef
cows (2010)
https://www.beefitswhatsfordinner.com/raising-beef/hormones#:~:text=Gro
wth%20Promoting%20Hormone%20Usage%20in%20Cattle%20Ranching
%20Hormones,amount%20of%20fat%20deposited%20in%20and%20aroun
d%20muscles
.
G.H.Schmidt. Effect of Insulin on Yield and Composition of Milk of Dairy
Cows (1966)

Martin J. Burris, Ralph Bogart, and Hugo Krueger. Alteration of Activity of

Thyroid Gland of Beef Cattle with Testosterone (1953) 10
Reference
Culler MD, Negro-Vilar A. Passive immunoneutralization: a method for
studying regulation of basal and pulsatile hormone secretion. Methods
Enzymol 1989
Westbrook SI, McDowell GH, Hardy KJ, Shulkes A. Active immunization
against somatostatin alters regulation of gastrin in response to gastric
acid secretagogues. Am J Physiol 1998
Arthur Shulkes , Caroline Moore, Sotirios Kolivas, Jane Whitley. Active
immunoneutralization of somatostatin in the sheep: effects on
gastrointestinal somatostatin expression, storage and secretion 1999

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Thank You

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