CIVE 751 Non-linear FE Analysis of Civil Engineering Structures

Civil Infrastructure and Environmental Engineering

Marwan Alaa Naeem

100063027

Section 3.1: Truss Elements

1
 Geometrically Non-linear Analysis - Introduction

– FE is used to target structural stability problems.

– Typically caused by geometrically non-linear behavior.

– For example, buckling.

– For materials in practice, strains are usually small.

– This chapter caries on this assumption.

– Therefore, stiffness matrices and load vectors will be derived for simple truss elements.

– Then to be to continuum.

Linear or Non-linear
approach approach

Example of the linear and non-linear approach

2
 Geometrically Non-linear Analysis - Background

– Truss elements are two-node members.

– Pin jointed at their nodes.

– Transmits axial force only.

– Typically, have a constant cross-sectional area.

– Used to model structures such as towers, bridges, and buildings.

Formulation of truss element (source: AUTODESK)

3
 Geometrically Non-linear Analysis - Truss Elements

– The following TWO assumptions are made: (3.1)

– ; cross-sectional area (deformed) cross-sectional area (undeformed).

– ; length (deformed) length (undeformed).

– We have external forces only, at the nodes:

– Assembled in vector f.

– Recalling the virtual work equation:

∫ 𝛿𝛆𝑇 𝜎 𝑑𝑉 =∫ 𝜌𝛿𝐮𝑇 𝐠 𝑑𝑉 +∫ 𝛿𝐮𝑇 𝐭 𝑑𝑆 (2.37)
𝑉 𝑉 𝑆

– The virtual work equation at (t + ∆t) reduces to:

𝐴 0∫ ¿ ¿ (3.2)
𝑙0

– where and are the strain and stress at (t + ∆t).

4
 Geometrically Non-linear Analysis - Truss Elements

– Since truss elements are subjected to axial forces; axial stresses are non-vanishing, so:
𝐴 0∫ 𝛿 𝜀 𝑡 +Δ 𝑡 𝜎 𝑡 + Δ𝑡 𝑑𝑥=¿ ¿ (3.3)
𝑙0

– Since non-linear FEM calculations are carried out in increments, the stress increment is:

rearranging: = + (3.4)

– Re-writing Equation (3.3):

𝐴 0∫ 𝛿 𝜀 𝑡 +Δ 𝑡 (𝜎 𝑡 + Δ 𝜎 ) 𝑑𝑥=¿ ¿ (3.5)
𝑙0

– Majority of constitutive models implement linear relation between stress increment and strain
increment, so:
Δ 𝜎 =𝐸 tan Δ 𝜀 (3.6)

– where is the instantaneous tangential stiffness modulus.

– NOTE: = E for linear-elastic model.
5
 Geometrically Non-linear Analysis - Truss Elements

– Since = E:

𝐸 𝐴0∫ 𝛿 𝜀𝑡 + Δ𝑡 Δ 𝜀+ 𝐴 0∫ 𝛿 𝜀𝑡 + Δ 𝑡 𝜎 𝑡 𝑑𝑥 =¿ ¿ (3.7)
𝑙0 𝑙0

– We need to obtain the length of the deformed member:

𝑙2 = ¿ (3.8)
η

𝑙
ϕ 𝑣2 – Dividing by L02,and by expanding the RHS:

𝑢2 𝑙2
𝑣1 2
=¿ ¿ (3.9)
𝑙0
𝑢1
𝑙0

ξ
Truss member in undeformed and deformed configuration
6
 Geometrically Non-linear Analysis - Truss Elements

– For small displacement differences, strain can be:

𝑙− 𝑙0 (3.10)
𝜀=
𝑙0
– For large displacement differences, the strain is:

; Green Lagrange Strain tensor (3.11)

– Substituting Eq 3.9 in Eq 3.11:

𝑙2 (3.13)
2
=¿ ¿ (3.9)
𝑙0

( ) ( )
2 2
𝑢 2 − 𝑢1 1 𝑢2 −𝑢1 1 𝑣 2 −𝑣 1
𝜀= + +

[( ) ]
1 𝑙
2 𝑙0 2 𝑙0 2 𝑙0
(3.11)
𝜀= −1
2 𝑙0
7
 Geometrically Non-linear Analysis - Truss Elements

( ) ( )
2 2
𝑢 2 − 𝑢1 1 𝑢2 −𝑢1 1 𝑣 2 −𝑣 1
𝜀= + + (3.13)
𝑙0 2 𝑙0 2 𝑙0

Usually, small. Hence, neglected!

– Similar to stress increment (), strain increment () can be formulated as:

Δ 𝜀=𝜀 𝑡 + Δ𝑡 − 𝜀 𝑡 (3.14)

( )( )( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
Δ𝑢2 − Δ 𝑢1 𝑢2 − 𝑢1 Δ 𝑣 2 − Δ𝑣 1 𝑣 2 − 𝑣 1 1 Δ𝑢2 − Δ 𝑢1 1 Δ𝑣 2 − Δ𝑣 1
Δ 𝜀= 1+ + + +
𝑙0 𝑙0 𝑙0 𝑙0 2 𝑙0 2 𝑙0

Linear Quadratic

8
 Geometrically Non-linear Analysis - Truss Elements

( )( )( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
Δ𝑢2 − Δ 𝑢1 𝑢2 − 𝑢1 Δ 𝑣 2 − Δ𝑣 1 𝑣 2 − 𝑣 1 1 Δ𝑢2 − Δ 𝑢1 1 Δ𝑣 2 − Δ𝑣 1
Δ 𝜀= 1+ + + +
𝑙0 𝑙0 𝑙0 𝑙0 2 𝑙0 2 𝑙0

Linear Quadratic

Δ𝜀 ¿ +¿ (3.17)

– Also, virtual strain increments can be defined as:

𝛿 Δ 𝑒=
𝛿 Δ 𝑢 2 − 𝛿 Δ𝑢 1
𝑙0
1+
( 𝑙0
+
)( 𝑙0 )(
𝑢 2 − 𝑢1 𝛿 Δ 𝑣 2 − 𝛿 Δ𝑣 1 𝑣 2 − 𝑣 1
𝑙0 ) (3.18)

𝛿 Δ 𝜂=
( 𝑙0 )( 𝑙0
+
𝑙0 )( )(
Δ𝑢 2 − Δ𝑢1 𝛿 Δ 𝑢2 − 𝛿 Δ𝑢 1 Δ𝑣 2 − Δ 𝑣 1 𝛿 Δ𝑣 2 − 𝛿 Δ𝑣 1
𝑙0 )
9
Thank You

10