PPE

IN LPG PLANTS
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 Flow of Presentation
1. INTRODUCTION TO PPE AND ITS IMPORTANCE
2. CLASSIFICATION OF PPE
3. NON-RESPIRATORY TYPE PPE
1. HEAD PROTECTION
2. EYE AND FACE PROTECTION
3. EAR PROTECTION
4. HAND AND ARM PROTECTION
5. BODY PROTECTION
6. FOOT AND LEG PROTECTION
4. PPE FOR ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
5. RESPIRATORY TYPE PPE: Description and Classification
6. SCBA AND ITS TYPES
7. DEMAND TYPE SCBA: Description and Operating Principle
8. Multiple Choice Questions, Citations

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PPE

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 What is PPE?

• Personal protective equipment (PPE) refers to protective

clothing, garments or equipments designed to protect
the user against health or safety risks at work.
• Examples of PPE include gloves, foot and eye protection
(goggles), protective hearing devices (earplugs, muffs),
helmets, respirators and full body suits.
• They minimize exposure to a variety of hazards.

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 Why is PPE important?
Even where engineering controls and safe systems of work have been applied,
some hazards might remain. These include injuries to:
 the lungs, e.g. from breathing in contaminated air
 the head and feet, e.g. from falling materials
 the eyes, e.g. from flying particles or splashes of corrosive liquids
 the skin, e.g. from contact with corrosive materials
 the body, e.g. from extremes of heat or cold

PPE reduces the risk in these cases!!

PPE provides a physical barrier between the user and hazard!!
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4 ‘A’ Concept of PPE

Avail-Able Access-Able

Oper-Able Comfort-Able

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 Classification of PPE

PPE

Non-Respiratory Respiratory
Helmet, gloves, goggles, safety belts, Breathing apparatus, Emergency Escape
different body suits, ear muffs, etc. Set, air-line mask, etc.

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 Non-Respiratory PPE
CLASSIFICATION:
1. HEAD PROTECTION
2. EYE AND FACE PROTECTION
3. EAR PROTECTION
4. HAND AND ARM PROTECTION
5. BODY PROTECTION
6. FOOT AND LEG PROTECTION
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HEAD PROTECTION

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 CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDS
HEAD INJURIES AT WORK MAY RESULT FROM:
falling objects
persons hitting their heads on fixed objects
fall of persons (from height)
contact of with bare live electrical conductors
splashes of hot, cryogenic or corrosive liquids
 flying hot particles like chipping, welding, etc.

WEARING APPROPRIATE HEAD PROTECTOR IS A MUST!!

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 HELMET PROPERTIES
 Good shock resistance
 Penetration resistance
 Flammability resistance
 Electrical resistance
 Heat resistance
 Water absorption resistance
Helmets conforming to relevant standards such as IS:2925 or ISO:3873
or an equivalent, duly certified by DGMS, should be used.

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 PARTS OF A HELMET:
1. Shell

2. Chin Strap

3. Nape Strap

4. Harness

TESTING REQUIREMENT AS PER ISO STD. 3873-1977

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HELMET CONSTRUCTION

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EYE & FACE PROYECTION

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 HAZARDS

EYE AND FACE INJURIES AT WORK MAY RESULT FROM:

Impact
Dust
Splash of liquids
Irritating gases, vapours
Reflected light and glare
Injurious radiant energy

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 GOGGLES PROPERTIES
 Stability at elevated temperature
 Robustness (Impact resisting property)
 Resistance to Ultra-Violet/Infra-Red radiations
 Suitability for easy cleaning
 Resistance to penetration of hot materials
 Proof against chemical splashes
 Protection against dust
 Coverage against gases
 Clear visibility

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 GOGGLES TYPES
a) Based on use:
TYPE APPLICATION
Heavy Impact-Cup type goggles Chipping, Cutting, Grinding, performing striking operations such
(Chipping goggles) as breaking concrete etc.
“Acid” Goggles Protection against splashes, sprays & mists of injurious liquids
such as chemicals, oils etc.
Burning and gas welding goggles Gas welding, Electric arc welding, etc.

Spectacle type goggles Jobs such as machining, grinding, routine process operations like
opening valve, checking pump etc. It provides frontal protection
only.

Furnace goggles For looking at the flame inside the furnace.

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 GOGGLES TYPES
(b) Based on construction:
TYPE DESCRIPTION

Cup-type goggles It consist of two eyepieces with adjustable

connection across the nose.

Box-type goggles It provides total enclosure of both the eyes

and have separate filter holders or a single
lens or filter lens.

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 FACE SHEILD
• They act as a barrier between the face and the hazards.
• Face shields are secondary protectors and shall be used only with primary
protectors.
• Face shields may have a headgear that supports a window, curved to
surround and cover the wearer’s face.
• Neck & chin protectors are also available.
• Faceshield windows may be attached to protective helmets (hard hats) in
place of their own headgear.
PROPERTIES: Impact resistance, Penetration Resistance, Clear Visibility,
High temperature retardant, Disinfectable, etc.
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 VARIOUS FACE SHIELDS

•
• WELDER’S HELMET

FACE SHIELD WELDER’S HAND SHIELD

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EAR PROTECTION

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 HAZARDS
 NOISE: Length of exposure and loudness/intensity of exposure are the two
significant aspects of noise.
- The limit for continuous noise without protection is 90 dBA for exposures of 8 hours
per day.
- Exposures to sound pressure levels greater than 115 dBA and of continuous nature
are not permitted.
- The impact noise limit is 140 dBA per day for continuous exposure.
DUST
IMPACT
INSECTS

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 EAR PLUGS
• It should be designed to give ample protection upto 120dBA.
• It should reduce the sound reaching the ears by 45dBA.
• Suitable material should be used which shouldn’t cause skin irritation.
• They shall be easily removable/insertion type and should be without
sharp edges.

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 EAR MUFFS
• It should be designed to give ample protection upto 135dBA.
• It should reduce the sound reaching the ears by 45dBA.
• The muffs shall be made in a universal type or a head, neck or chin type.
• The material shouldn’t cause skin irritation.
• Ear muffs shall be designed in such a way that they can be used in
combination with ear plugs.

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 HAND & ARM PROTECTION
• HAZARDS:
Abrasions, temperature extremes, cuts and punctures, impact, chemicals,
electric shock, radiation, vibration, biological agents and prolonged
immersion in water.
• PPEs:
Gloves, gloves with a cuff, gauntlets and sleeving that cover part or all of
the arm.

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 HAND & ARM PROTECTION
Notes:
Avoid gloves when operating machines such as bench drills where the
gloves might get caught.
Some materials are quickly penetrated by chemicals – take care in
selection.
Barrier creams are unreliable and are no substitute for proper PPE.
Wearing gloves for long periods can make the skin hot and sweaty,
leading to skin problems. Using separate cotton inner gloves can help
prevent this.

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 BODY PROTECTION
• HAZARDS:
Heat, chemical or metal splash, spray from pressure leaks or spray guns,
contaminated dust, impact or penetration, excessive wear or entanglement of
own clothing, accidental falls, etc.
• PPEs:
Conventional or disposable overalls, boiler suits, aprons, chemical suits,
nylon/polyster belts and harnesses, etc.
• Note :
 The choice of materials includes flame-retardant, anti-static, chain mail,
chemically impermeable, and high-visibility.
 Don't forget other protection, like safety harnesses or life jackets.
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 SUITS
The following types of suits are commonly used:
1. Boiler Suits
2. Fire Fighting Suits:
I. Fire Proximity Suit
II. Fire Entry Suit
III. Low Temperature Suit
3. Chemical Protection suits

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 BOILER SUITS
o It is used by Maintenance & Inspection Personnel.
o It is preferably made up of cotton fabric to retain the comforts of air
permissibility & moisture transmission.
o It may be in one piece or two pieces.
o It shall not propagate flame, have after glow, be self extinguishing.
o It shall retain basic characteristics of the fabric, shall be durable to
natural detergent washings, dry cleanings & be environment friendly.

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 FIRE FIGHTING SUITS
FIRE PROXIMITY
SUIT
It allows the fire fighter to
work next to the flames
i.e. radiant heat and
occasional flame lick for
the purpose of rescue
work & knockdown fire
fighting operations in
proximity of flames but
not actually in flames.
These suits shall conform
to UL/EN/
NFPA/BIS specifications.
FIRE ENTRY SUIT
It allows the firemen to work in the
flames i.e. complete static immersion
but for a very short duration of 20-30
seconds.
Fire Entry Suit is not being used in
LPG Plant
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LOW TEMPERATURE SUIT
Low Temperature Suit (Butyl Suit / Viton)
capable of withstanding temperature of
(– )45 degree centigrade to (+) 50 degree
centigrade temperature and suitable for
use in LPG, Propane, Butane etc. The suit
should be one piece design with integral
boots, gloves and wide vision visor.
 CLOTHING ASSEMBLY
 It should have high thermal capacity combined with a high thermal resistance.
 Minimum thickness shall not exceed 15mm.
 The outer surface should reflect the maximum possible heat.
 All threads used for stitching of garments shall be adequately treated to render
it flame retardant to the same degree as other components of the clothing
assembly.
Clothing assembly shall meet all the requirements given in IS-7612.
The helmet shall conform to the requirements of IS:2745-1969.
The foot wear shall reach to just below the knee and worn over shoes or boots.

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 Water Based Gel Blanket
• It consists of woven pure wool, impregnated with sterile water based gel
and provides a shield against the flame, heat & smoke.
USES:
 It may be draped around the body of the person trying to escape
through the fire.
 It may be draped around the body of a burning/burnt person.
 It can also be used to extinguish a small fire by providing a cover.

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 CHEMICAL PROTECTION SUITS
 Material: PVC, Butyl, Viton or a combination of Butyl and Viton, etc.
 The suit shall be complete in one piece with gas tight zip and all joints
shall be seam welded and with a hood visor providing a large field of
vision and complete with safety boots & gloves.
There should be a provision for wearing respiratory protective device
internally.
There should be a provision for inflating the head protection cap.

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 PROPERTIES
 It should provide gas tight and chemical resistant cover for full body.
 It should produce personal air ventilation inside the suit.
 It should be light weight.
 It should allow easy movement in confined spaces.
 Seam with high tear resistance should be adopted to suit material.
 It shall have integral safety boots.
 Wrist seals shall be provided.
 Gas tight zip fasteners should be used.
 Back pack padding to be provided.

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 SAFETY BELTS
Safety belts and safety harnesses together with their accessories such as safety
lines, life lines, safety clamps, hooks, etc. are to be provided for proper protection.
Waist Safety Belt General Purpose Harness Safety Belt

This is for general use in industry where the movement is This belt is recommended for all general duties
restricted and user is not likely to fall from a height. It is where mobility is essential and the point of
intended for an anchorage within 1m of the wearer’s place anchorage is not very close. The fall is restricted to
of working and the fall is restricted to 0.6m. 1.8m from the point of anchorage

It consists of a belt with suitable buckle fasteners and
provided with one or two D-rings for attachment of safety
life line.
It consists of one body belt and two shoulder
straps. The waist belt as well as the shoulder
straps have provision for adjustments. A D-ring
is provided on the back to which the safety line is
attached.

Recommended length of safety line is 2m Recommended length of safety line is 3m

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 SAFETY BELTS
Man Hoisting Belt
This belt is used for hoisting the wearer in vertical
position in confined places.
CONSTRUCTION:
It consists of one waist belt and two long hoisting straps
and one D-ring. The hoisting straps are so arranged that
the D-ring has a free movement and in the event of the
user being hauled out, he keeps his position vertical and
his head does not obstruct the straps
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Pole Safety Belt
This belt is suitable for use by electricians and
servicemen engaged in the erection, installation and
maintenance of electrical feeder line poles
CONSTRUCTION:
It consists of a waist belt and a pole strap with special
type of freely moving S-buckle. The stress and the weight
of the user would help to hold the pole strap more
securely.
 SAFETY BELTS
Waist Safety Belt General Purpose Harness Safety Belt

Pole Safety Belt

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 MATERIAL SELECTION
Material: Nylon or other synthetic material like polyster.
Webbing should not break under a minimum tensile load of 2000Kg.
Minimum width & thickness should be 44mm and 3mm respectively.
Webbing should be resistant to heat and fire.
Rivets and washers should be made from copper and tin plated.
Life line/Safety line should not break under a minimum tensile load of
2000Kg.
All metal components shall be solid or forged.
All materials used should pass the heat resistance and flammability test as
given in IS: 2925.
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 FOOT AND LEG PROTECTION
• HAZARDS:
Wet, hot and cold conditions, electrostatic build-up, slipping, cuts and punctures,
falling objects, heavy loads, metal and chemical splash, electrical flash
• PPEs:
Safety boots and shoes:
TYPES OF SHOES DESCRIPTION

Leather upper with rubber / synthetic These are safety shoes generally used.
sole & steel cap

Leather upper without nails, with rubber Used in non-static area/substation.

synthetic sole

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 FOOT AND LEG PROTECTION
Notes :
 Footwear can have a variety of sole patterns and materials to help prevent
slips in different conditions, including oil or chemical-resistant soles. Rubber
or synthetic outsoles with various tread patterns are used to prevent risk of
slipping.
Reinforced & puncture-proof sole is necessary in construction sites.
Where an electrical hazard exists, shoes should be entirely stitched or
cemented to obviate the use of nails. Where static electricity may be
present, safety shoes should have electrically conductive rubber out-soles.
Aluminized heat-protective shoes, boots or leggings will be necessary near
sources of intense heat.
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 FOOT AND LEG PROTECTION
Synthetic rubber boots are useful protectors from chemical injuries. The
material should show not more than 10% reduction in tensile strength or
elongation after immersion in a 20% solution of hydrochloric acid for 48
hrs at room temperature.
 Rubber, asbestos spats, gaiters or leggings may be used to protect the
leg above the shoe line, especially from burning risks. Protective pads
may be necessary, especially where work involves kneeling, for example
in foundry moulding.
 All safety footwear should be kept clean and dry when not in use.
 Regular arrangements for disinfection should be made to prevent the
spread of foot infections.
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 PPE FOR ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
The following PPEs must be used during electrical operation/maintenance
(like electrical isolation or de-energisation):
 Hand Gloves
 Insulating mats
 Face Shield

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 HAND GLOVES
• These hand gloves are rubber insulating gloves used for protection of
electrical workers from electric shocks while working on energised
conductors & equipments.
• TYPES AND SPECIFICATIONS: (as per IS)
Gloves Minimum Working Test Potential Max. Leakage Current Min. Breakdown
Potential (rms) –in V (rms)-in V (rms) at Test Potential-in Voltage-in V
MA
Type 1 650 5000 4 17000

Type 2 1100 10000 8 20000

Type 3 3300 15000 12 25000

Type 4 4000 20000 14 30000

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 INSULATING MATS
• Insulating mats conforming to IS:15652:2006 having ISI mark, are to be
used for covering floor around electrical apparatus in sub-station. Four
classes of insulating mat as follows:
CLASS AC (rms)-in KV DC-in V Minimum Tolerance Min. di-electric
Thickness-in mm percentage strength AC (rms)-in KV

A 3.3 240 2.00 ±10 30

B 11 240 2.50 ±10 45

C 33 240 3.00 ±10 65

D 66 240 3.50 ±10 110

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 Respiratory PPE
•  HAZARD DESCRIPTION:
1. OXYGEN DEFICIENCY: Entry inside vessels is permitted only if oxygen content is not
less 19.5%. At about 16%, candle or oil flame extinguishes. Below 13% concentration,
dizziness occurs & leads to unconsciousness or death .
2. PARTICULARS CONTAMINANTS: Example: dust, fume, fog, mist, smoke etc.
3. IRRITANTS: Example : Ammonia, Sulphur Dioxide, Chlorine etc.
4. ASPHYXIATES: Example : Carbon Monoxide, Hydrogen Sulphide etc.
5. ANAESTHETICS: Example : Nitrous oxide, Halogenated hydrocarbon etc.
6. TOXIC CHEMICALS: Example : Mercury (nervous system and various organs),
Hydrogen sulphide (respiratory para-lysis), Arsenic (Red blood cells and liver), Tetraethyl
lead (nervous system) etc.
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 CLASSIFICATION
RESPIRATORY PPE

AIR SUPPLY
AIR PURIFYING EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT

SELF
MECHANICAL FILTER AIRLINE
CONTAINED
RESPIRATOR RESPIRATOR
BA

CHEMICAL HOSE MASK

OPEN CIRCUIT CLOSE CIRCUIT
CARTRIDGE WITH BLOWER

CONTINUOUS OXYGEN
CANNISTER
FLOW DEMAND TYPE GENERATING
RESPIRATOR
RESPIRATOR TYPE

COMPRESSED/
DEMAND TYPE PRESSURE
LIQUID
RESPIRATOR DEMAND TYPE
OXYGEN TYPE

PRESSURE
DEMAND TYPE
RESPIRATOR

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 AIR SUPPLYING EQUIPMENTS
ADVANTAGES OVER AIR PURIFYING EQUIPMENTS:
Simplicity of design, broad application and good protection when
properly selected.
Adequately supplied with respirable air and used in the manner or for
the purposes for which they are designed and approved. They are
applicable without any regard to the kind or physical state of
contaminant.
Service life and resistance to inhalation are not dependent upon plugging
of particulate filters or capacity of chemical absorbents.

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 AIR LINE RESPIRATOR
Air Line Respirator or Hose Mask Respirator can be of following types :

a) Hose Mask with blower/without blower

b) Continuous flow Respirator
c) Demand Type Respirator
d) Pressure Demand Type Respirator

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 SCBA
• A Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus may be defined as a respirator in
which the supply of air, oxygen or oxygen-generating material is carried
by the wearer. There are two types of SCBA:
CLOSE CIRCUIT OPEN CIRCUIT
Closed circuit breathing apparatus is one in which Open - Circuit breathing apparatus is one in which
the exhaled air is re-breathed by the wearer after compressed air carried in cylinders is fed through a
the carbon dioxide concentration has been demand valve and breathing tube to a full face
effectively reduced and the oxygen concentration piece. Exhaled air passes through a non-return
enriched. valve to the atmosphere.
TYPES: 1. Compressed or liquid Oxygen type TYPES: 1. Demand Type
2. Oxygen generating type 2. Pressure Demand Type

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 OPEN CIRUIT SCBA
• Open circuit SCBA makes use of compressed air or compressed oxygen or
liquid air or liquid oxygen.
DEMAND TYPE
It is equipped with a demand that is
actuated on the initiation of inhalation and
permits the flow of breathing atmosphere
to the face-piece. On exhalation, pressure in
the facepiece becomes positive & the
demand valve is deactivated.
PRESSURE DEMAND TYPE
It is equipped with full face-piece only.
Positive pressure is maintained in the
facepiece at all times which prevents inward
leakage of the contaminated outside the
atmosphere.. The wearer usually has the
option of selecting the demand or pressure
demand mode of operation.

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SCBA-Demand Type

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 DEMAND TYPE SCBA
DESCRIPTION AND PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION:
• It consists of a full facepiece connected to a demand valve, which is connected, through a
pressure reducing valve, to a cylinder of compressed air or oxygen. A pressure gauge is
located near the demand valve to indicate the pressure of the gas in the gas cylinder.
• When the wearer inhales, a slight negative pressure is created, which depresses a
diaphragm in the demand valve and causes the gas inlet valve to open and remain open
until the wearer exhales and a positive pressure is created in the above parts. The gas
flows from the compressed gas cylinder only when the wearer inhales and the rate of flow
is automatically adjusted by the wearer’s breathing characteristics.
• Exhaled breath passes to the exterior of the facepiece through an exhalation valve. A
bypass valve is provided, by means of which adjustable flow of gas can be delivered to the
facepiece in the event of failure of any part of the pressure reducing valve or the demand
valve. The apparatus is attached to the wearer’s body by means of suitable harness.

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 Dos and Don’ts
• Inlet valve of the regulator must be opened first then only cylinder valve
should be opened.
• Bypass (where provided) should always be shut for normal operation & be
opened and adjusted to wearer’s requirement, only if the regulator inlet
fails during normal operation.
• It must be borne in mind that apparatus designed for air cannot be used
with oxygen cylinder and vice versa.
• The wearer should keep a watch on the pressure gauge so that he can leave
the area safely even if the alarm fails.
• When alarm within the regulator starts ringing, it is a warning that only 20
to 25% of air remains in the cylinder. Leave the contaminated area at once.
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 DRAWBACKS
Respiratory Protective devices have several drawbacks:
They do nothing to reduce or eliminate the hazard.
Their failure may result in immediate exposure to the hazard.
Such devices may become ineffective without the knowledge of the
wearer.

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 Multiple Choice Questions
1. What does PPE stand for?
a)Plant Protective Equipment b)Public Protective Equipment c)Personal Protective Equipment d)
Peripheral Protective Equipment
2. Which of the following OISD Standards explains the different PPEs?
a)OISD-STD-105 b) OISD-STD-115 c) OISD-STD-142 d) OISD-STD-155
3. Which of the following is a Respiratory type PPE?
a)Ear Muff b) Helmet c) Safety belt d) Air-line Mask
4. The limit for continuous noise without protection is _ dBA for exposures of 8 hours per day.
a)80 b) 90 c) 115 d)140
5. What is the recommended length of safety line for General Purpose Harness Safety Belts?
a)2m b) 3m c) 2.5m d) 3.5m
6. For safety belts, Life line/Safety line should not break under a minimum tensile load of _Kg.
a)2000 b) 2500 c)3000 d)4000

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7. What is the test potential (in rms) for a type 3 gloves (suitable for minimum working
potential (in rms) of 3.3KV)?
a)10KV b)15KV c)20KV d)25KV
8. Which of the following types of goggles can be used for protection against splashes, sprays &
mists of injurious liquids such as chemicals, oils?
a)Acid Goggles b) Chipping Goggles c) Furnace Gogglesd) Burning and Gas welding goggles
9. Insulating mats should confirm to which IS standard?
a)IS:15652:2006 b) IS:7612 c) IS:2745:1969 d) IS:2925
10. What does SCBA stand for?
a)Self Closed Breathing Apparatus b) Self Contained Breathing Accessory c) Self Contained
Breathing Apparatus d) Supply Contained Breathing Apparatus.
ANSWERS: 1-C, 2-D, 3-D, 4-B, 5-B, 6-A, 7-B, 8-A, 9-A, 10-C

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 IMAGE CITATIONS
SLIDE NUMBER DESCRIPITION:SOURCE
Slide:2 Safety first: 123rf.com
Slide:3 Safety boot: lelong.com; Industrial safety helmet: sitebox.ltd.uk; Earmuff: solutions.3m.com; Box
Type goggles: Trafficsafetywarehouse.com
Slide:9 Brain Structure: howstuffworks.com
Slide:11 Industrial safety helmet: sitebox.ltd.uk; Helmet with shield: safety-helmet.com
Slide:12 Parts of a helmet: alibaba.com (Brand: ONLYEST)
Slide:13 Helmet construction: OISD 155(I)-Fig. 4.1
Slide:14 Internal Structure of eye: caleblookeye.wikispaces.com
Slide:16 Welding goggles: eshop.wuerth.in; Cup-Type goggles: gatewaysafety.com; Box Type goggles:
Trafficsafetywarehouse.com; Welding googles: supremeinsafety.com
Slide:18 Cup-Type goggles: gatewaysafety.com; Box Type goggles: Trafficsafetywarehouse.com
Slide:20 Face Shield: indiamart.com; Welder’s Helmet: amazon.com; Hand Shield: dynaweld.com
Slide 21 Internal structure of ear: puznica.hr
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 IMAGE CITATIONS
SLIDE NUMBER DESCRIPITION:SOURCE
Slide:23 Earplugs: indiamart.com, cirrushealthcare.com
Slide:24 Earmuff: solutions.3m.com
Slide:25 Butyl Hand Gloves: uotteet.etra.fi, Gloves with gauntlet: polyvore.com
Slide:28 Boiler Suit: toolstation.com; Fire proximity suit and entry suit:firefightingsafetyequipment.com;
Chemical protection suit: army-technology.com

Slide:37 Waist Safety Belt: Alibaba; General Purpose Harness Safety Belt: slideplayer.com; Pole safety Belt:
global.rakuten.com

Slide:42 Electrical Face Shield: Wikipedia; Insulation Mats: insulatingmats.com; Electrical gloves: IndiaMART
Slide:48 Continuous Flow Respirator: azomining.com
Slide:51 SCBA: yseffe.en.alibaba.com

Slide:55 No Accident poster: ehsdb.com

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 Attribution Slide :

Thank you

Photo Name : INDRANIL BANERJEE

Designation: OFFICER

Created Date: 25/02/2018

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