American Digital Carrier Systems

T-Carriers
• for PCM-encoded TDM signals

Regenerative Repeaters
• Threshold detector

Functions :
 Amplifiers/Equalizers
 TimingClock
 Regenerator
 T1
Bit Positions 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Channel Capacity 24
Data 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Channel Type Voice band or

Data Waveform

Line Speed 1.544 Mbps Substituted

Waveform
Transmission 19 to 22 gauge
Medium twisted-pair
metallic cable
Bit Positions 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Range 1 to 50 miles Data 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Encoding BPRZ-AMI
Waveform
technique used

Substitution B8ZS
Substituted
technique Used
Waveform
T1C Worst Case Conditions
The Fundamental Frame of
T1
 T2
Bit Positions 6 5 4 3 2 1 Channel Capacity 96
Channel Type Voice-band,
Data 0 – 0 + - 0 0 0 0 0
0 + Data,
Picturephone
Line Speed 6.312 Mbps
Waveform
Transmission Twisted Pair
Medium Copper Wire
Number of T1’s in 4
T2
Substituted
Waveform Range Up to 500 miles
(LOCAP Metallic
Cable)
Encoding BPRZ-AMI
Technique
Substitution Used B6ZS
 T3
Channel Capacity 672

Channel Type Voice-band, Data,

Picturephone
and Broadcast-
quality television

Line Speed 44.736 Mbps

Number of T1’s in 28
T3
Number of T2’s in 7
T3
Transmission 3A-RDS Coaxial
Medium Cable
Encoding BPRZ-AMI
Technique
Substitution Used B3ZS
 T4
Channel Capacity 4,032

Channel Type Same as T3

Line Speed 274.176 Mbps
Number of T1’s in T4 168
Number of T2’s in T4 42
Number of T3’s in T4 6
Transmission Medium Coaxial Cable
Range Up to 500 miles
Transmitted Signals Scrambled Unipolar
NRZ digital signals
 T5
Channel Capacity 8,064

Channel Type Same as T3

Line Speed 560.16 Mbps

Number of T1’s in T5 336

Number of T2’s in T5 84

Number of T3’s in T5 12

Number of T4’s in T5 2
Comparison of Digital Carrier Systems
American Japanese European

T1 1.544 Mbps 1.544 Mbps E1 2.048 Mbps

Level 1 24 channels 24 channels 30 channels

T2 6.312 Mbps 6.312 Mbps E2 8.448 Mbps

Level 2 96 channels 96 channels, or, 120 channels
7.786 Mbps
120 channels

T3 44.736 Mbps 32.064 Mbps E3 34.368 Mbps

Level 3 672 channels 480 channels 480 channels

T4 274.176 Mbps 97.728 Mbps E4 139.264 Mbps

Level 4 4,032 channels 1,440 channels 1,920 channels

T5 560.16 Mbps 565.148 Mbps E5 565.148 Mbps

Level 5 8,064 channels 8,192 channels 8,192 channels
 How to find the number of T1s in a
T2,T3,T4,T5 and vice versa

Step 1: Recall the channel capacities of the

T-carriers you’ll be computing.
Step 2: Simplify using the ratio principle.
e.g. How many T1s are there in a T2?
Solution:
T2=96 channels
T1=24 channels

T2
T1
Thank you!
Questions?