ASSIGNMENT # 1

THE THYROID GLAND

By Group # 1
What is thyroid gland?
THYROID GLAND:
 It is an endocrine gland situated in the lower part of
the front and sides of the neck.
ORIENTATION IN BODY:
 It lies against the vertebrae C5, C6 ,C7 and embracing
the upper part of the trachea each lobe extends from
middle of the thyroid cartilage to the tracheal ring.
The isthmus extends from second to fourth tracheal
ring
Orientation of the Thyroid
ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE
it consists of two lobes that are joined together by
isthmus
sometimes the pyramidal lobe may projects upwards
from the isthmus
Dimensions and weight :
Each lobe measures 5 cm x 2.5 cm x 2.5 cm and it
weights almost 25 grams
it is bigger in size in female and gains more size during
pregnancy and menstruation.
General Anatomy
CAPSULES OF THYROID:
TRUE CAPSULE : is peripheral condensation of the
connective tissue of the gland capillary plexsus is
present in the true capsule. surgically gland is removed
with the capsule.
FALSE CAPSULE: it is derived from pretracheal layer
of the cervical fascia. it is thin along the border of the
lobes but thick in inner surface of the gland and forms
a ligament which connects it to the cricothyroid
cartilage.
GENERAL ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE
 APEX: it is related to superior thyroid artey and external
layrengeal nerve
 BASE: it is at level with 4th and 5th tracheal ring, and
related to inferior thyroid artey and recurrent layrengeal
nerve.
 SURFACES: The thyroid has three principal layers:
1. LATREAL: it is covered by sternothyroid, Anterior border
of sternocleidomastoid, superior belly of omohyoid.
2. MEDIAL: it is related to trachea, oesophagus, inferior
constrictor, inferiorcricothroid.
3. POSTERIOLATERAL: it is related to the carotid sheath
and overlaps th common carotid artery.
 BORDERS:
ANTERIOR BORDER: it is thin and related to superior
thyroid artey
POSTERIOR BORDER: It is related to inferior thyroid
artey.
BLOOD SUPPLY
 ARTERIAL SUPPLY:
• Superior thyroid artery( which is branch of external carotid
artey)
• Inferior thyroid artery (which is branch the branch of
subclavian artery)
 VEINOUS DRAINAGE:
• The deoxygenated blood leaves the thyroid via SUPERIOR,
INFERIOR & MIDDLE THYROID VEINS
• Superior and Middle veins are branches of INTERNAL
JUGULAR VEIN while inferior vein branches from
BRACHEOCEPHALIC VEIN
 BLOOD SUPPLY

LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE:
•Upper parts drains in to prelayrengeal nodes.
•Lower parts drains in to deep cervival nodes.
CLINICALS
THYROIDECTOMY: removal of thyroid gland with
true capsule. Surgery corrects hyperthyroidism also
known as graves disease or exophthalmic goitor.
THREATS: IT CAN BLOCK THE THROAT, OR
INTERFERE WITH EATING, BREATHING AND
TALKING.
PRECAUTIONS: surgeon prescripts the levothyroxine
to balance of hormones.
SECRETIONS: THYROXINE(T4),
TRIODOTHYRONINE(T3), CALCITONIN.
HISTOLOGY
The thyroid has a characteristic appearance under H&E
stain.
It contains numerous follicles composed of epithelial
follicle cells and colloid.
The major constituent of colloid is large glycoprotein
thyroglobin which contains the thyroid hormones with in
its molecules
Also between follicles are clear para follicular cells which
produce calcitonin.
Connective tissue.
Capillaries.
HISTOLOGY
FUNCTIONS:
It regulates the metabolic rate by producing
thyroxin(T4) and tri-iodithyronine(T3).
Stimulates the somatic and physic growth
Produces calcitonin which plays an important role in
calcium metabolism.
 THE END
CONTRIBUTERS:
 Agha Muhammad Umer khan BPD02181127
 Asad javed bpd02181097
 Husnain Ali Bpd02181107
 Usman faiz bpd02181092
 Abdullah bin khalid bpd02181071
 Faiz hamza bpd02181074
 Adil Zia bpd02181012