Computer Based Information Systems (CBIS)

JENIS-JENIS
SISTEM INFORMASI

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 Management Levels

Unstructured
TOP (non-programmable)
Strategic
MIDDLE
Tactical

LOW Structured
(programmable)
Operational
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 Nature of Decisions at Management Levels

Decision
Mang. level Decision Timescale Org. impact Frequency

Strategic Unstructured Long Large Infrequent

Tactical Medium Medium

Operational Structured Short Small Frequent

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 Decision Levels and Info Type
Info Attributes Operational Tactical Strategic
Orientation primarily internal internal & external more external
Planning immediate/few short /medium term medium/long term
Horizon days
Performance current activities historical & current predictive rather than
Focus historical performance
Coverage specific activities dept/function total organisation
Level of Detail highly detailed detailed & typically highly
summarised reports summarised
Uncertainty low degree of uncertainty high levels of uncertainty
Degree of objectively objective & higher proportion is
objectivity measured subjective data subjective
Level of high accuracy moderate accuracy accuracy less critical to
Accuracy levels required levels decisions at this level

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 Types of CBIS’s
ExecutiveSupport System ISat strategic level of theorganisation designed to
(or Exec Information System) address unstructured decision making, through advanced
graphics and communications
Decision Support System Information systemat management level that combines
dataand sophisticated analytical models to support semi-
structured and unstructured decision making
Management Information System Information systemat management level of an
organisation that serves thefunctions of planning,
controlling and decision making by providing routine
summary and exception reports
Transaction Processing System Computerised systemthat performs and records thedaily
routinetransactions necessary to conduct thebusiness
of theorganisation
OfficeAutomation Systems Computer systems designed to increasetheproductivity
of information workers in theoffice

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 Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)

• basis
main of business operations
activities
• recording and processing basic data
– data capture
– sales, purchases etc.
data validation
• batch or online
– processing
– online - banking
• classification
– batch - bill processing
• sorting
• data retrieval
• calculation
• summarising

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 Transaction Processing Systems
(TPS)
• outputs from TPS • query
– transaction responses/reports
documents – transaction logs
• action documents – error (edit) reports
ie. airline tickets,
picking slips to – detail reports
identify warehouse – summary reports
products
– information
documents
• confirmation - list
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of credit card
Office Automation Systems (OAS)

• applying IT to
common office
tasks
– word processing
– spreadsheets
– E-mailing
– Automatic
document
production
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 Management Information Systems (MIS)

• designed to produce information needed for

successful management of process,
department or business
• support recurring decisions, where
information needs have been determined in
advance

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 Management Information Systems
alternative views

• MIS - includes operational systems and TPS that

only used indirectly by managers
• BIS - business information systems - used to
describe all types of IS used in business ie. DSS,
OAS, OIS, ERP and more appropriate than MIS
• MIS taken to include DSS, EIS, ES
• ERP – Enterprise Resource Planning

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Decision Support Systems (DSS)

• provide information to support semi or unstructured

decisions
• provide information when needed
• users interact with the system
– identify, retrieve information to support decision, solve
problem
– ‘what if’ problems
• next phase - group decision support systems
• aimed middle and lower management

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Executive Information Systems (EIS)

• internal, external information highly

summarised form
– spot opportunity, problem or trend
– identify course of action to solution
– can have forecasting capabilities
• represent strategic planning tool
• serve control needs of high level
management
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 EIS Characteristics

• immediate, easy access to • easily tailored to specific

information mangers
• user friendly interface, • ‘drill down’ capacity - see
graphic etc. no middle the detail behind the
user summaries
• access to int/ext.
databases through
standard interface
• includes future & current
data

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 Expert Systems

• apply human knowledge & experience to range of

problems
– comprises knowledge base controlled by rules
• knowledge base
– represents knowledge, experience of experts in given
area
• rules
– organise knowledge base, allow interrogation
• examples : choosing computer system,
performing medical diagnosis

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 CBIS & Competitive Advantage

• Porter - 5 competitive forces

– threat new entrants
– bargaining power of suppliers
– bargaining power of customers
– threat of substitute products or services
– rivalry amongst competitors
• competitive strategies to address
– cost leadership
– product differentiation
– innovation

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Using CBIS for Strategic Advantage
• improving operational efficiency
• raising barriers to entry
• locking in customers and suppliers - American
Airlines, SABRE
• promoting business innovation
• increasing switching costs
• leverage

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