Saturday, November 5, 2022 LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of the chapter, students are able to • Evaluate, for a given hedging requirement, what is the most appropriate strategy, given the nature of the underlying position and the risk exposure; • Advise on the use of bilateral and multilateral netting and matching as tools for minimizing FOREX transactions costs.
hedging is more favorable • To compute the expected value of the real cost of hedging: 1. develop a probability distribution for the future spot rate. 2. use it to develop a probability distribution for the real cost of hedging.
money market position to cover a future payables or receivables position. • For payables: Borrow in the home currency (optional) Invest in the foreign currency • For receivables: Borrow in the foreign currency Invest in the home currency (optional)
transaction costs do not exist, a money market hedge will yield the same results as a forward hedge. • This is so because the forward premium on a forward rate reflects the interest rate differential between the two currencies
Saturday, November 5, 2022 Futures and Forward Hedges • A futures hedge uses currency futures, while a forward hedge uses forward contracts, to lock in the future exchange rate. • To hedge future payables (receivables), a firm may purchase (sell) currency futures, or negotiate a forward contract to purchase (sell) the currency forward.
Saturday, November 5, 2022 Futures and Forward Hedges (Account Payable) • Colemon Co. need to pay 100,000 euros in 1 year. • Buy a forward (or future) contract with 1- year forward (future) rate = $1.20
Saturday, November 5, 2022 Synthetic Agreements For Foreign Exchange (SAFE) • These are like forward contracts, except no currency is delivered. Instead the profit or loss (i.e. the difference between actual and NDF rates) on a notional amount of currency (the face value of the NDF) is settled between the two counter parties. • Combined with an actual currency exchange at the prevailing spot rate, this effectively fixes the future rate in a similar manner to futures. • One other feature is that the settlement is in US dollars.
transaction exposure. • Since options need not be exercised, they can insulate a firm from adverse exchange rate movements, and yet allow the firm to benefit from favorable movements. • Currency options are also useful for hedging contingent exposure.
uncertain amount of foreign currency, such that overhedging may result. • One solution is to hedge only the minimum known amount. Additionally, the uncertain amount may be hedged using options.
Saturday, November 5, 2022 Managing Madison Inc.’s Economic Exposure • Its earnings before taxes is inversely related to the Canadian dollar’s strength (due to higher expenses). • Madison may reduce its exposure by increasing Canadian sales, reducing orders of Canadian materials, and borrowing less in Canadian dollars.
Saturday, November 5, 2022 How Restructuring Can Reduce Economic Exposure • Technique involves: - shifting the sources of costs or revenue to other locations in order to match cash inflows and outflows in foreign currencies. • The proposed structure is then evaluated by assessing the sensitivity of its cash inflows and outflows to various possible exchange rate scenarios.
increasing/reducing sales in new or existing foreign markets, increasing/reducing dependency on foreign suppliers, establishing/eliminating production facilities in foreign markets, and/or increasing/reducing the level of debt denominated in foreign currencies.
Saturday, November 5, 2022 Managing Translation Exposure
• To hedge translation exposure, forward or
futures contracts can be used. • Specifically, an MNC may sell the currency that its foreign subsidiary receive as earnings forward, thus creating an offsetting cash outflow in that currency.