DISORDERS AND DISEASES THAT

RESULT FROM THE MALFUNCTION

OF THE CELL DURING THE CELL
CYCLE
 Main differences between meiosis and mitosis
Produces haploid cells (n) Produces diploid cells (2n)
Includes two nuclear divisions Includes one nuclear division
The product is a gamete cell The product is a somatic cell
Responsible for sexual reproduction Responsible for asexual reproduction
Crossing over takes place No crossing over
Four cells are produced Two cells are produced
Genetic disorders occur when a mutation affects your
genes. Carrying the mutation doesn’t always mean
you’ll end up with a disease.

Genes are made of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid),

which contain instructions for cell functioning and
the characteristics that make you unique.
Genetic disorders can be:
Chromosomal: This type affects the structures that hold your
genes/DNA within each cell (chromosomes). With these conditions,
people are missing or have duplicated chromosome material.
Complex (multifactorial): These disorders stem from a combination
of gene mutations and other factors. They include chemical
exposure, diet, certain medications and tobacco or alcohol use.
Single-gene (monogenic): This group of conditions occurs from a
single gene mutation.
CHROMOSOMAL
DISORDERS
Down syndrome, the most
common chromosome-related
genetic condition.
People with Down syndrome face
physical and mental challenges but
can lead full and happy lives.
CHROMOSOMAL
DISORDERS
People with Down syndrome are
born with an extra chromosome,
which changes the way their brain
and body develop.
CHROMOSOMAL
DISORDERS
Most babies are born with 23 pairs of
chromosomes within each cell for a total of
46. A chromosome is a structure that
contains genes, which are made up of your
DNA. Genes determine how you form and
develop growing in the womb and after
birth. The majority of babies with Down
syndrome are born with an extra copy of
chromosome 21, with three copies of the
chromosome instead of the usual two.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF DOWN
SYNDROME
Trisomy 21: The term “trisomy” means having an
extra copy of a chromosome. The most common
type of Down syndrome, trisomy 21, occurs when a
developing baby has three copies of chromosome 21
in every cell instead of the typical two copies.
Translocation: In this type of Down syndrome, there
is an extra full or partial amount of chromosome 21
attached to another chromosome.
Each human cell typically contains 23 pairs of
chromosomes. Down syndrome occurs because of
changes in the way cells in chromosome 21 divide.
Every person with Down syndrome has an extra
amount of this chromosome in some or all of their
cells.
MULTIFACTORIAL DISORDERS
Cancer is a disease that develops when cells in your
body divide at a faster rate than normal. These
abnormal cells grow into a lump — or tumor.
THE FOUR STAGES OF CANCER
Stage I: Cancer is localized to a small area and hasn’t spread
to lymph nodes or other tissues.
Stage II: Cancer has grown, but it hasn’t spread.
Stage III: Cancer has grown larger and has possibly spread to
lymph nodes or other tissues.
Stage IV: Cancer has spread to other organs or areas of your
body. This stage is also referred to as metastatic or
advanced cancer.
THE 5 TYPES OF CANCER
Carcinoma. This type of cancer affects organs and glands, such as the
lungs, breasts, pancreas and skin. Carcinoma is the most common type of
cancer.
Sarcoma. This cancer affects soft or connective tissues, such as muscle,
fat, bone, cartilage or blood vessels.
Melanoma. Sometimes cancer can develop in the cells that pigment your
skin. These cancers are called melanoma.
Lymphoma. This cancer affects your lymphocytes or white blood cells.
Leukemia. This type of cancer affects blood.
MONOGENIC
DISORDERS
SCD is an inherited condition. It is
caused by defective HBB gene. It is
inherited in an autosomal
recessive pattern, in which parents
of an individual with SCD each
carry one copy of the mutated
gene, but they typically do not
show signs and symptoms of the
condition.