LEC.

Petroleum
Department Energy
Resource

First Stage
Lecture : Coal
mr. Zana

Class code:
2022 – 2023

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11/7/22
Lecture No. 4

Outline
 Coal
 How coal formed?

 Types of coal:

 Problems associated
with the use of coal

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Coal : is one of the most important primary fossil fuels, solid carbon-rich material with hydrocarbons, that is usually brown or black.

How coal formed?

Coal takes millions of years to form.
Coal contains the energy stored by plants ,
that lived hundreds of millions of years ago in swampy forests.
Layers of dirt and rock covered the plants. The resulting pressure
and heat turned the plants into this coal.

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 2- TYPES OF COAL:
Coal is classified into four main types, or ranks:
anthracite , bituminous , subbituminous , and lignite.

1- Anthracite : contains 86%–97% carbon and It has the highest heating.

2- Bituminous : coal contains 45%–86% carbon .it is the most abundant rank of
coal.
3- Subbituminous : contains 35%–45% carbon,it has a lower heating value. 
4- Lignite  : contains 25%–35% carbon and has the lowest energy content of
all coal ranks.
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 COAL USES :

- Coal provides 30% of global primary energy.

_ It is used to generate 41% of global electricity.

- It is used in Steel production and Cement manufacturing .

_ Coal is considered low-cost ,extract coal from the ground and

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to burn it does not cost  as much as other fuel processes.
 PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE USE OF COAL:

1- Emission : coal emits carbon dioxide (CO2) when it is burned. also

contains amounts of elements, like sulfur, mercury, and lithium.
Burning coal also causes the formation of both NOx and SOx.
2- Mining operations are hazardous. Like methane released during
mining operations.
3- Air pollution: it makes acid rains.
4- Global warming : releases large quantities of carbon dioxide (CO2)
into the atmosphere and is a major driver of Global warming.
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 Summary
1. Coal is primary fossil fuels that takes millions of years to form.
 
2. Coal contains the energy stored by plants that lived hundreds of millions of years
ago in swampy forests.

3- main types : anthracite, bituminous, subbituminous, and lignite.

4- coal uses makes these problems : Emissions, Mining operations are hazardous,
Air pollution, Global warming