Chapter 4 - Comparison

TRANSLATING
EXPRESSIONS OF
COMPARISON
N.v.K
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Comparisons
4.2.1 Comparatives and superlatives
4.2.1.1 Comparatives
 hơn
The following adjectives have irregular
forms of comparative:
Good  better
Bad/ill  worse Some of these adjectives not

only have irregular forms,
Far  farther/further but also VARY in meaning.
Old  older/elder
Little  less
Many/much  more
a. Far – Farther/Further
Xa hơn (physical distance)
4.1 [SS] We watched their ship moving gradually farther away.
4.1 [TS] Chú ng tô i nhì n con tà u củ a họ đang dầ n đi xa hơ n.
Vượt bậc hơn/nhiều hơn/thêm
4.3 [SS]
4.2 [SS] TheyTelecommunication
have provided furtherindustry
evidence has recently global
of an unfolding had energy
further
advancements
crisis. in 5G technology.
4.3
4.2 [TS] Ngà nh cung
Họ đã viễ n thô
cấ png gầ
thê mn bằ
đâng
y đã cóngnhữ
chứ về ng
mộtiế n bộ
t cuộ vư ợng
c khủ t bậc
hoảhơn trong
ng nă ng
cô ng
lư ợ ngnghệ
toà n5G.
cầ u đang diễ n ra.
b. Old – Older/Elder
4.4 [SS] He looks quite old. Chững chạc/có tuổi/lớn tuổi
4.4 [TS] Anh ấ y trô ng khá chữ ng chạ c/lớ n tuổ i.
Elder often comes before a noun, while older can come before a noun or
after the verb to be in a sentence.
4.5 [SS] His elder sister works in this hospital.
4.5 [TS] Chị củ a nó là m việ c ở bệ nh việ n nà y.
Chững chạc/có tuổi/lớn tuổi hơn
4.6 [SS] He looks quite old, so I guess he is older than me.
4.6 [TS] Anh ấ y trô ng khá chữ ng chạ c, vì thế tô i đoá n anh ấ y lớ n tuổ i hơ n
c. Adjectives that do not have comparative and
superlative forms
Blind, Dead, Fatal, Final, Horizontal, Left, Perfect,

Right, Unique, Universal, Vertical and Wrong.
d. Adjectives whose comparative and superlative form have
both literal meaning and idiomatic meaning
Cập nhật nhất/mới nhất/gần nhất

4.7 [SS] The latest/newest version of their software has been sold out.
4.7 [TS] Phiê n bả n phầ n mề m mớ i nhấ t củ a họ đã đư ợ c bá n hế t.
Chậm nhất là
4.8 [SS] I have to get this essay finished by Friday at the latest.
4.8 [TS] Tô i phả i hoà n thà nh bà i luậ n nà y chậ m nhấ t là và o thứ sá u.
d. Adjectives whose comparative and superlative form have
both literal meaning and idiomatic meaning
Sau này/sau đó
4.9 [SS] She pretended to have no idea about the incident, but I discovered
later that she’d known all about it from the beginning.
4.9 [TS] Cô ấ y giả vờ khô ng biế t gì về sự việ c, như ng sau đó tô i phá t hiệ n
ra ngay từ ban đầ u cô ấ y biế t hế t mọ i chuyệ n.
Chậm nhất là/Muộn nhất là = at the latest
4.10 [SS] The book should be returned no later than next Friday.
4.10 [TS] Sá ch phả i đư ợ c trả muộ n nhấ t là thứ sá u tuầ n tớ i.
e. Adverbs end with -LY
• Use the pattern MORE/LESS + Adverb, except EARLY  EARLIER
• For adverbs of frequency, only OFTEN has the comparative form: MORE
OFTEN
• For fast, hard, soon, late & near, add –ER to the adverbs
• For well & badly , the comparative forms are better & worse .
4.11 [SS] This machine works more quickly than the old one.
4.12 [SS] The traffic was heavy and he couldn’t drive faster .
4.2.1.2 Superlatives
The following adjectives have irregular
forms of superlative:
Good  (the) best
Bad/ill  (the) worst
Far  (the) farthest/furthest
Old  (the) oldest/eldest
Little  (the) least
Many/much  (the) most

a. Adverbs end with -LY
• Use the pattern MOST + Adverb , except EARLY  EARLIEST
• For adverbs of frequency , only OFTEN has the superlative form : MOST
OFTEN
Other adverbs
• For fast, hard, soon, late & near , add –EST to the adverbs
• For well & badly , the superlative forms are best & worst .
b. The comparative and superlative forms can be used
when we refer to a smaller/smallest amount, quantity,
or degree
• LESS + Adjective/adverb is for comparative and is translated into

Vietnamese as ké m/í t ... hơ n.
• (The) LEAST + Adjective/adverb is for superlative and is translated into

Vietnamese as ké m/í t ... nhấ t.
4.13 [SS] We don’t work together anymore, so I see him less frequently
than I used to.
4.13 [TS] Chú ng tô i khô ng là m việ c vớ i nhau nữ a nê n tô i í t thư ờ ng xuyê n
gặ p anh ấ y như trư ớ c đâ y.
4.2.1.3 Comparatives with -ER AND -ER & MORE AND MORE
The patterns -er and -er & more and more are used to talk about a
process of changing and gaining more of a particular quality. This
pattern is NOT followed by than.
Càng ngày càng … (hơn)
4.14 [SS] The weather is getting hotter and hotter.
4.14 [TS] Thờ i tiế t cà ng ngà y cà ng nó ng hơ n.
4.15 [SS] I’m getting more and more interested in conservation.
4.15 [TS] Tô i cà ng ngà y cà ng quan tâ m hơ n vấ n đề bả o tồ n.
4.2.1.4 Comparatives with THE -ER, THE -ER & THE MORE
..., THE MORE ...
If a person or things gains more of a particular quality and this

causes a parallel increase of another quality, we can repeat the + a
comparative adjective.
Càng ... càng …

4.16 [SS] The colder it is, the hungrier I get. (= As the weather gets colder, I
get hungrier.)
4.16 [TS] Trờ i cà ng lạ nh, tô i cà ng thấ y đó i.
4.2.2 Emphatic comparatives and superlatives
In English, there are certain words used with comparatives or
superlative form of adjectives to either intensify (much, a lot, far, by
far) or mitigate (a little, a bit, a little bit) the degree to which the
property denoted by the comparative/superlative adjective obtains.
a. Much/a lot/far + comparative [hơn] ... nhiều.
4.17 [SS] This dish is much better than the one we had yesterday.
4.17 [TS] Mó n nà y ngon hơ n mó n chú ng ta ă n hô m qua nhiề u.
[hơn] ... xa/[hơn] ... hẳn.
4.18 [SS] The town is far more crowded these days because of the new shopping mall.
4.18 [TS] Thị xã nhữ ng ngà y nà y đô ng đú c hơ n hẳ n nhờ có trung tâ m thư ơ ng mạ i mớ
b. A little/a bit/a little bit + comparative

[hơn] một tí.
4.19 [SS] She feels a little more confident after she has given her first public
speech.
4.19 [TS] Cô ấ y cả m thấ y tự tin hơ n mộ t tí sau lầ n thuyế t trì nh đầ u tiê n trư ớ c
cô ng chú ng.
c. By far/easily + superlative
[nhất] về mọi mặt.
4.20 [SS] The Beatles were by far the most successful rock band of the 1960s.
4.20 [TS] Beatles là ban nhạ c rock thà nh cô ng nhấ t về mọ i mặ t trong thậ p niê n
1960.
dĩ nhiên/đương nhiên
4.21 [SS] She’s easily the best dancer in the group.
4.21 [TS] Cô ấ y dĩ nhiê n là diễ n viê n mú a giỏ i nhấ t trong nhó m.
4.2.3 Comparisons of equality
a. Normal comparison of equality
… bằng với …
4.20 [SS] The boy has grown so quickly. He is as tall as his father now.
4.20 [TS] Thằ ng bé lớ n nhanh quá . Bâ y giờ nó cao bằ ng ba nó rồ i.
cũng … như …
4.21 [SS] The company is performing as successfully this year as it did last year.
4.21 [TS] Nă m nay cô ng ty hoạ t độ ng cũ ng thà nh cô ng như nă m ngoá i.
b. As … as to compare proportion
• Half + as + adjective/adverb + as
• Twice/three times, etc. + as + adjective/adverb + as
… bằng một nửa

4.24 [SS] I earn half as much as him.
4.24 [TS] Tô i thu nhậ p bằ ng mộ t nử a anh ấ y.

gấp hai/ba lần …
4.25 [SS] This car is twice as expensive as mine.
4.25 [TS] Chiế c xe nà y đắ t gấ p hai lầ n chiế c xe củ a tô i.
c. Other expressions
• As ... as possible càng … càng tốt
4.26 [SS] We should try to finish our project as soon as possible.
4.26 [TS] Chú ng ta nê n cố gắ ng hoà n thà nh dự á n cà ng sớ m cà ng tố t.
• Not as ... as (= not so ... as)

không … như
4.27 [SS] The suitcase is not as heavy as I thought, actually.
4.27 [TS] Thậ t sự thì cá i va-li khô ng nặ ng như tô i nghĩ .
4.2.4 Other expressions of comparisons
a. Prefer & would prefer thích hơn

4.28 [SS] I’m not keen on football. I prefer tennis.
4.28 [TS] Tô i khô ng đam mê bó ng đá . Tô i thí ch quầ n vợ t hơ n.
mong muốn/có nguyện vọng
4.29 [SS] I don’t want to continue with my job here. I’d prefer to leave.
4.29 [TS] Tô i khô ng muố n tiế p tụ c cô ng việ c ở đâ y nữ a. Tô i có nguyệ n
vọ ng rờ i đi. muốn … hơn
4.30 [SS] “Tea or coffee?” – “I’d prefer coffee.”
4.30 [TS] “Trà hay cà phê ?” – “Tô i muố n cà phê hơ n .”
b. Would prefer & would rather

Would prefer (+ object) + infinitive
mong muốn/có nguyện vọng/muốn hơn
4.31 [SS] I’d prefer them to start the project now.
4.31 [TS] Tô i mong muố n họ bắ t đầ u dự á n ngay.
Would prefer it if + second subject + past simple:
mong muốn rằng

4.32 [SS] I’d prefer it if they started the project now.
4.32 [TS] Tô i mong muố n rằ ng họ bắ t đầ u dự á n ngay.
b. Would prefer & would rather

Would rather + bare infinitive
có nguyện vọng
4.33 [SS] I’d rather leave now.
4.33 [TS] Tô i có nguyệ n vọ ng đi bâ y giờ .

Would rather (that) + second subject + past subjunctive
mong muốn … hơn là
4.34 [SS] I’d rather a simple product that actually works than something fancy
that’s just not reliable.
4.34 [TS] Tô i mong muố n một sả n phẩ m đơ n giả n như ng thự c sự hiệ u quả hơ n là
mộ t thứ gì đó lạ mắ t mà khô ng đá ng tin cậ y.
PRACTICE EXERCISES (CHECK HOMEWORK FILE)

Chapter 4 - Comparison

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TRANSLATING

Bad/ill  worse Some of these adjectives not

4.1 [SS] We watched their ship moving gradually farther away.

Vượt bậc hơn/nhiều hơn/thêm

4.4 [SS] He looks quite old. Chững chạc/có tuổi/lớn tuổi

4.4 [TS] Anh ấ y trô ng khá chữ ng chạ c/lớ n tuổ i.

4.5 [SS] His elder sister works in this hospital.

Blind, Dead, Fatal, Final, Horizontal, Left, Perfect,

Cập nhật nhất/mới nhất/gần nhất

• Use the pattern MORE/LESS + Adverb, except EARLY  EARLIER

Good  (the) best

Bad/ill  (the) worst

Far  (the) farthest/furthest

Old  (the) oldest/eldest

Little  (the) least

Many/much  (the) most

• Use the pattern MOST + Adverb , except EARLY  EARLIEST

• LESS + Adjective/adverb is for comparative and is translated into

• (The) LEAST + Adjective/adverb is for superlative and is translated into

4.14 [TS] Thờ i tiế t cà ng ngà y cà ng nó ng hơ n.

4.15 [SS] I’m getting more and more interested in conservation.

If a person or things gains more of a particular quality and this

Càng ... càng …

a. Much/a lot/far + comparative [hơn] ... nhiều.

b. A little/a bit/a little bit + comparative

• Twice/three times, etc. + as + adjective/adverb + as

… bằng một nửa

4.24 [TS] Tô i thu nhậ p bằ ng mộ t nử a anh ấ y.

4.25 [SS] This car is twice as expensive as mine.

• As ... as possible càng … càng tốt

4.26 [SS] We should try to finish our project as soon as possible.

• Not as ... as (= not so ... as)

4.27 [SS] The suitcase is not as heavy as I thought, actually.

a. Prefer & would prefer thích hơn

b. Would prefer & would rather

Would prefer it if + second subject + past simple:

mong muốn rằng

b. Would prefer & would rather

4.33 [TS] Tô i có nguyệ n vọ ng đi bâ y giờ .

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