COMPARATIVE

MODELS IN POLICNG
Claudine Bianca P. Bumagat-Mariano
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
 Policing is one of the most important of the functions undertaken
by every sovereign government. For the state machinery, police is an
inevitable organ which would ensure maintenance of law and order,
and also the first link in the criminal justice system.

The term “police” is now used primarily to denote a body of

people organized to maintain peace and order and ensure public
safety, to enforce the law and to investigate breaches of the law.
Policing

■ is the practice for the maintenance of peace and order, law

enforcement and for the security of the community.

■ It is the methods practice by police officers for the

maintenance of peace and order.
MODELS OF POLICING ACCORDING
TO STRUCTURE
■ CENTRALIZED POLICING SYSTEM - A system wherein there
is only one police force that is recognized and operates entire a
certain country.

■ DECENTRALIZED POLICING SYSTEM - A police system

wherein police administration and operation are independent from
one state to another. It is more applicable to countries with federal
government.
MODELS OF POLICING ACCORDING
TO APPROACH
■ PROBLEM-ORIENTED POLICING - A model of policing which is focused in preventing
crime from happening.

■ INTELLIGENCE-LED POLICING MODEL - By Sir David Philips

– It originated from United Kingdom, it draws upon the notion that the police can do
know a great deal about offending patterns. The Police should actively gather
information about criminals and their organization (Tilley, 2003).
■ REACTIVE OR TRADITIONAL POLICING - It a model of policing
wherein police will respond when a call was received.
■ REASSURANCE POLICING -
– It is a model of policing with the aim of identifying signals and it involves
the community in solving community-related problems. It is similar to
community oriented policing system. Signal crimes are those that shape
the community’s perception of risk from a particular type of crime during
a given period.
– It gives a feeling of safety that a citizen experiences when he knows that a
police officer or patrol car is nearby.
COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM
It is the science and art of investigating and comparing the police system of nations. It covers the
study of police organizations, trainings and methods of policing of various nations.

Comparing Police System as well as Models of Policing could be through the following methods:
 Safari Method – it is a type of research in comparative criminology wherein a researcher will
visit another country for comparison purposes.
 Collaborative Method – one researcher will collaborate the work to a foreign researcher.
 Historical Comparative – most often employed by researchers, used quantitative and qualitative
method (known as Historiography or Holism).
 Unpublished Works Comparison – single culture study and two culture study using published
works.
■ INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE
– It involves the study and description of one country’s law, criminal procedure or justice
process. It attempts to build on the knowledge of criminal justice of one country by
investigating and evaluating, in terms of another country, culture or institution.

■ COMPARATIVE CRIMINAL JUSTICE

– It is a subfield of the study of criminal justice that compares justice system worldwide. Such
study can take descriptive, historical or political approach. It studies the differences and
similarities in the structure, goals, punishments and emphasis on rights as well as the history
and political structure of different systems.

■ TRANSNATIONAL POLICING
– It pertains to all forms of policing that transgress national borders.

■ INTERNATIONAL POLICING
– It indicates those type of policing that are formally directed by institutions usually responsible
for international affairs
■ GLOBAL POLICING
– Indicates those forms of policing that are fully global in scope.

GLOBALIZATION
– A process of interaction and integration among the people, companies and governments of
different nations. A process driven by international trade and investment and aided by
information technology. The process has effects on the environment, on culture, on
political systems, on economic development and prosperity and on human physical well-
being in societies around the world.
 Advantages Disadvantages

With the implementation of globalization technology has Globalization can raise the problem of inequality
been altered to a great extent and paved the way for overall everywhere in the world by increasing specialization
development. which results in poverty.

Globalization has helped provide better services to people Globalization can increase the unemployment rate since
worldwide and increased the Gross Domestic Product rate. it demands higher-skilled work at a lower price.

Over the years, trade imbalance has increased in

Governments have been able to help economic growth and
developed countries by competition in the market due to
aid the advancement of infrastructure.
globalization.

Countries around the world now have access to trade and Globalization favors industrialization that sometimes
commerce worldwide with affordable commodities rates. harms the environment.

Globalization has supported domestic companies to satisfy Overall economic growth in such developing countries
the growth of foreign clients and Hop on the global Trend. may be slowed due to globalization.
SEVEN THEORIES OF
COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY
1. ALERTNESS TO CRIME THEORY - Explains that people’s alertness to crime
is heightened so they report more crimes to the police and also demand the
police to become more effective in solving crime problems.

2. ECONOMIC OR MIGRATION THEORY - Crime is a result of unrestrained

migration and overpopulation in urban areas such as ghettos and slums.

3. OPPORTUNITY THEORY - Along with higher standard of living, victims

become more careless of their belongings and opportunities for committing of
crime multiply.
4. DEMOGRAPHIC THEORY - Greater numbers of children are being born, because
as these baby booms grow up, delinquent subcultures develop out of the adolescent
identity crisis.

5. DEPRIVATION THEORY - Progress comes along with rising expectations and

people at the bottom develop unrealistic expectations while people at the top do not see
themselves rising fast enough.

6. MODERNIZATION THEORY - Sees the problem as society becoming too

complex.

7. ANOMIE AND SYNOMIE THEORY - The latter being is a term referring to social
cohesion on values; suggest that progressive lifestyle and norms result in the
disintegration of older norms that once held people together.
TYPES OF GOVERNMENT

■ MONARCHY
– One which supreme power of sovereignty is vested in the
rules of a monarch. Monarchy is classified into two:

■ a. Absolute Monarchy - Where the ruler rules the divine right.

■ b. Limited or Constitutional Monarchy - The power of the ruler
is limited to a constitution.
■ ARISTOCRACY
– (The rule of the few)
■ a. Derive from Greek word aristocracia meaning “the rule of the best”.
■ b. Form of government in which supreme power is vested in the few privileged class or
group wherein high power is based from birth, wealth and wisdom. It is otherwise known
as Oligarchy.
■ c. Related terms
– i. Autocracy – derived from Greek word autocrat means self-ruler or he who rules by
oneself. It is usually seen as synonymous with despot, tyrant or dictator.
– ii. Communist state – a state with the form of a government characterized by single
party rule of communist party and a professed allegiance to a communist ideology as
the guiding principle of a state.
– iii. Corporatocracy or Corpocracy – a form of government where a corporation, a
group of corporation or government entities with private components control the
direction and governance of a country.
■ 3. DEMOCRACY
– (rule by people)
■ a. The supreme power is vested in the people.
■ b. “It is a government of the people by the people and for the people.”
(Former US President Abraham Lincoln)
■ c. It is classified into:
– i. Direct Democracy – where the people directly govern themselves.
Sometimes called as PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY.
– ii. Indirect Democracy – the people elect representatives to act on their
behalf. (ex. Philippines)
■ ANARCHY
– a. Derived from the GREEK word anarchia which means “without a ruler”.
– b. Society free from coercive authority of any kind.
– c. Related terms:
■ i. Anarchism – a philosophical movement rise in the mid-19th century, with its idea of
freedom being based upon political and economic self-culture. Started by Pierre Joseph
Proudhon in his book “What is Property?”
■ ii. Anarchist – those who advocate the absence of the state, arguing that common sense
would allow people to come together in agreement to form a functional society
allowing for the participants to freely develop their sense of morality, ethics or
principled behavior.
TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES
 Refers to crimes that takes place or transgress across national
borders.

 Offenses whose inception, prevention and/or direct or indirect

effects involve more than one country.

 Transnational crimes also include crimes that take place in one

country, but their consequences significantly affect another country.
The UN has identified several different
categories of transnational crime:
■ drug trafficking
■ trafficking in persons,
■ organ trafficking,
■ trafficking in cultural property,
■ counterfeiting,
■ money laundering,
■ terrorist activities,
■ theft of intellectual property,
• illicit traffic in arms,
• aircraft hijacking,
• sea piracy,
• hijacking on land,
• insurance fraud,
• environmental crime,
• fraudulent bankruptcy,
• infiltration of legal business,
• corruption and bribery of public
officials,
• and other offences committed by
organized criminal groups (UNODC,
2002, p. 4).
TERRORISM
■ Etymology (study of origin)
– Comes from the French word terrorisme, and originally referred specifically to
state terrorism as practiced by the French government during the reign of terror.
– The French word terrorisme turn derives from the Latin verb terreṓ meaning “I
frighten”

• The commission of crimes (rebellion, murder, kidnapping, hijacking etc.) that show or
create a condition of widespread and extraordinary fear and panic among the populace in
order to coerce the government to give in to an unlawful demand. 

• Probably the most important goal of terrorist activity is to generate publicity on a worldwide

scale.
Definition of Terrorism under the United
Nations
Terrorism is any act “intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to
civilians or noncombatants with the purpose of intimidating a population or
compelling a government or an international organization to do or abstain
from doing any act”.

The systematic use of terror as a means of coercion.

TYPES OF TERRORIST
■ National Terrorist - Sued to define almost all illegal acts of violence
committed for political purpose by clandestine groups. Ex. New People’s
Army (NPA)

■ Transnational Terrorist - Terrorists who operates across national borders,

whose actions and political operations may affects individual of more than
one country.

■ International Terrorist - Terrorists who are controlled by and whose actions

represent the national interest of a sovereign state
HUMAN TRAFFICKING
HUMAN SMUGGLING
Usually does not involve coercion. It is characterized by facilitating, for a fee, the illegal entry of a
person into a foreign country and it is considered a migration issue.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9208            

              AN ACT TO INSTITUTE POLICIES TO ELIMINATE TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS

ESPECIALLY WOMENAND CHILDREN, ESTABLISHING THE NECESSARY
INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS FOR THE PROTECTION AND SUPPORT OF
TRAFFICKED PERSONS, PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR ITS VIOLATIONS.

“Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003”

PHILIPPINE DOMESTIC LAWS

■ RA 9208 -“Anti-trafficking in Persons Act of 2003”.

■ RA 7610 -“Special Protection of Children Against Abuse, Exploitation
and Discrimination Act”.
■ RA 8042 -“Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipino Act”
■ RA6955-“An Act to Declare Unlawful the Practice of Matching Filipino
Women for Marriage to Foreign Nationals on a Mail-Order Basis and
Other similar Practices…
■ RA 8239- “Philippine Passport Act of 1996”