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Chapter I

The Problem and its Background

Introduction

In recent years, There has been a growing data base indicating that

substance used and abused is a serious problem among young people and

that many grow up with substance abusing parents and peers. Abuse

patterns cross socio-economic and cultural boundaries, and the abuse of

drugs include illicit drug, marijuana, inhalants, LSD, heroin, cocaine,

crack, stimulants, barbiturates, and tranquilizers.

Drug use, abuse, and dependence are prevalent problems in different

communities. This certainly is not meant to imply that this problem is

under control in the community. However the persistent and pervasive

manifestation of abuse and use in communities demand special

consideration.

Recognizing that substance abuse is a serious problem among young

people states that one fact that must be understood is that drug taking is

behavior, as such it follows the same rules and principles as any other

behavior. The most basic principle is that behavior persists when it either

increase the individuals pleasure or reduce his discomfort. The primary

point, again, is that drug taking behavior is not unique, it is like any other

behavior. An appreciation of this goes a long way toward taking a rational

look at current drug use.

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This study titled “Factors Affecting the Use of Prohibited Drugs

Among Residents of Santiago City” would shed light and information on

this topic and find solutions on how to solve and deter residents of

Santiago City in the use of prohibited drugs.

Conceptual Framework

This study’s main premise is on the profile of the residents who are

currently using prohibited drugs in the city of Santiago, on profile the

age, sex, educational attainment, the community in which they live in, so

as to be able to make a generalization on what and how they make up the

said community.
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Input Process Output

Profile of residents
of Santiago City,
and who are
currently using
prohibited drugs
according to:
-age Most prevalent
-sex Survey in the factors affecting the
-civil status different factors use of illegal drug as
-educational affecting the use of index for change
attainment prohibited drugs
-kind of drug they through the use of
use questionnaires.

Factors affecting the

use of prohibited
drugs
-primary
-home environment
-economic and
educational
-situational
-recreational
-other

FEEDBACK

Figure 1.

Paradigm of the Study

IPO Diagram (Input-Process-Output)

Figure 1 discusses the IPO Process where the input consists of the

demographic profile of the respondents of the study and their perceptions

on the factors affecting the use of prohibited drugs.

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The Process load consists of how from the needed input a

questionnaire was developed and distributed to the respondents to gather

the data needed for the completion of the study.

The Output load consists of the generalization made from the data

collected and computed where in a better program in the battle of illegal

use of drugs can be devised.

Statement of the Problem

This study titled “Factors Affecting the Use of Prohibited Drugs

Among Residents of Santiago City” aimed to determine the factors

affecting the use of prohibited drugs among residents of Santiago City.

Specifically it aimed to answers to the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents regarding their:

a. Age

b. Sex

c. Civil status

d. Educational attainment

e. Kind of drug they use

2. What are the different factors that affect the use of prohibited drugs

among teenagers in relation to:

a. Primary

b. Home environment or family

c. Economic and educational

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d. Situational

e. Recreational

f. Other

Scope and Delimitation

This study mainly focused on the Factors Affecting the Use of

Prohibited Drugs Among Residents of Santiago City. It limited itself to

the profile of the respondents and the factors that affected the use of

prohibited drugs among residents of Santiago City.

Significance of the Study

This study will be significant to the following:

To Barangay officials. It would benefit them in a sense that it

would help them better detect and create programs so as to be able to

prevent minors to involve themselves in the use of prohibited drugs and as

such be involved in drug crimes so that they would be given a brighter

future. It would also help the barangay to make adjustments and other

programs so as to help the parents of the minors to better teach their

children the right way to live and be good citizens of the community

To Future researcher. It would benefit them in a way that they can

use it as a reference material and as basis for their own studies. It would

also help ease their workload because a guideline is laid down for them
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and just have to read on and try to understand better this study so that

they can make their study a little better and more interesting.

To Researcher. It would help them learn how to make use of

his/her limited time in finding out the needed data and information that is

needed for the completion of this study. She/he would learn also on how

to use the resources handed to him/her by the school and the different

knowledge she/he gained in the making of a research proposal.

To Parents. This study could to better understand what should, be

done so that they would be able to help their children stir away from

committing juvenile delinquent acts.

To Community . This would be beneficial for they could be better

informed on what and how they may be able to help minors who use

prohibited drugs and thus help prevent them from becoming full pledged

criminals in the near future. It would also help the community learn how

to work towards a better and safer environment for minors in their

formative years.

Definition of Terms

Aspect. a distinct feature or element in a problem; "he studied every facet

of the question (Webster’s Dictionary, 2007)

Barbiturate – any of a class of sedative and sleep-inducing drugs derived

from barbituric acid.

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Cannabis – a tall plant with stiff upright stem, divided serrated leaves,

and glandular hairs. It is smoked or consumed, generally illegally, as a

psychoactive (mind-altering) drug.

Cocaine – an addictive drug derived from coca or prepared synthetically,

used as an illegal stimulant and sometimes medicinally as a local

anesthetic.

Crack – a free base form of cocaine that can be smoked.

Crime. An action or omission that constitutes an offense that may be

prosecuted by the state and is punishable by law (Webster's Dictionary,

2007)

Hallucinogen – a drug that causes hallucinogen, such as LSD

Heroine – a highly addictive analgesic drug derived from morphine, often

used illicitly as a narcotic producing euphoria.

Illicit Drugs – drugs that are illegal sold such as marijuana, heroin,

methamphetamine, cocaine and others.

Inhalants – kind of drugs taken by inhaling through the nose such as

solvents and rugby.

LSD – a synthetic crystalline compound, lysergic acid diethylamide, that

is a potent hallucinogenic drug

Marijuana – kind of drug derived from cannabis sativa which acts as a

hallucinogen.
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Methamphetamine - a synthetic drug with more rapid and lasting effects

than amphetamine, used illegally as a stimulant and as a prescription drug

to treat narcolepsy and maintain blood pressure.

Prohibited drugs. Are drugs which have legal limitations on their

ownership or use. They are illegal in certain situations (meaning a person

is not allowed to have them).

Stimulants – a substance that raises levels of physiological or nervous

activity in the body.

Rehabilitation. Describes specialized healthcare dedicated to improving,

maintaining or restoring physical strength, cognition and mobility with

maximized results. Typically, rehabilitation helps people gain greater

independence after illness, injury or surgery (Webster's Dictionary, 2007)

Tranquilizer - a medicinal drug taken to reduce tension or anxiety.

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Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Literature

Foreign Literature

In the late 1970's and throughout the 1980's, many researchers

began to focus more strongly on identifying factors which determine use

and contribute to drug abuse among adolescents. One specific contribution

to drug use and abuse among adolescents is the focus on where many of

them get the drugs as well as the specific type of drugs which they are

exposed to. An adolescent's school environment can have a very strong

correlations to drug use and abuse. The frequent use and abuse of drugs

from the adolescent population decreases their school performances as

well as their attachment to school. An adolescent's school performance

may not always be a factor which determines drug use but it may be a

predictor which influences drug use. Kandel (1978), noted that school

failure has also been identified as a predictor of adolescent drugs use.

Poor school performance is an antecedent of drug initiation and predicts

subsequent levels of use.

For some adolescents who do not do well in school they become

labeled not only by their peers but also by teachers. They are often

labeled as individuals who do not care about themselves or others and as

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individuals who have no insight concerning the type of future which they

want to pursue. The labeling of adolescents has strong psychological

effects upon them. Lettieri and Ludford (1981), emphasis that students

who fail or who do poorly in school appear to label themselves and

equally important, are labeled by school institutions as losers. Brennan,

Elliott and Knowles (1981), indicated that the lack of success in school

also appears to lead to being labeled by friends and teachers as bad and

sick.

Although many adolescents poor commitment to school may not be

drug related, some adolescents may act out to receive attention and

associate with the peer group which will influence the adolescent to try

drugs. Poor performance in school is not a factor which leads to drug

abuse. Kandel (1982), suggested that low school performance does not

itself lead to drug use, but that the factors leading to poor school

performance are also predictive of drug involvement. An adolescent

educational expectation has many variables which can determine drug use

and abuse. Many of the precipitating factors of drug use and abuse in

correlation with poor school performance is associated with school

absenteeism, cutting class, poor insight and judgment about class

materials.

Some adolescents believe that using drugs may help them perform 

better in the classroom and to stay awake at night to study. Many of them
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do not understand the physical and psychological effects of the drug

which they are using. The U.S. News and World Report (1986), drug

experts identified the seven most dangerous drugs which can effect

adolescents physically as well as psychologically. Further asserting that

this can lead to poor school performance as well as effect one's social

environment. Cocaine, is available in hydrochloride powder and free base

form. It has the capability of physically causing formication, increased

blood pressure and pulse rate, insomnia and loss of appetite. Regular use

of this drug can also cause damage to fragile nasal passages. This drug

can cause an adolescent to become very psychologically dependent upon

it.

Crack is a second type of drug, which is a form of cocaine which

can be smoked. Crack has a dependence rate which is ten times stronger

than cocaine. Crack has the same physical effects as cocaine, except the

abuse of this drug increases the chances of death greatly, due to the rapid

increase of blood circulation to the heart. The psychological effects are

the increased risk of dependence and paranoid psychosis.

A third deadly drug used by adolescents is phencyclidine, which is

usually referred to as PCP or angle dust. The physical reactions from this

drug are the bizarre and violent behavior of adolescents, which can lead to

convulsions, comas, heart and lung failure. The psychological effects of

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this drug are psychotic disorders including paranoid delusions and

schizophrenia.

The fourth drug is heroin, which is smoked and is very popular

among adolescents, because it is sold very cheap and they can easily get

some at school from their peers. The physical effects from smoking heroin

are slow motor reflex, nervous anxiety, running eyes and nose, dilated

pupils, muscle aches and increased blood pressure. The psychological

effects are hallucinations, along with slowing the mental capacity of the

brain.

The fifth and sixth deadly drugs are fentanyl and meperidine, which

are synthetic substances, which are often sold as heroin. Both drugs are

much stronger than heroin, which increases the risk of overdose. The

drugs have great physical effects because the drugs are usually

contaminated with powerful neurotoxins which can cause muscular

tremors, slow body movements, and partial body paralysis. The

psychological effects are very fatal because these drugs causes

irreversible brain damage.

The last drug is known as ecstasy. Many adolescents are using this

drug mainly for social pleasure. The abuse of this drug can cause nausea,

muscle tension and blurred vision. The psychological effects from this

drug is unpredictable. Some investigators believe that the prolong abuse

of this drug causes brain damage.

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One area which the effects can be seen is through an adolescent's

school performance. Not all adolescents use and abuse drugs, but for those

who do, there is a low performance in their commitment to school.

Johnston, O'Malley, and Bachmer (1986), emphasize that a low

commitment to educational pursuits also appears to be related to

adolescent drug use. The use of hallucinogens, cocaine, heroin, stimulates,

sedatives, and nonmedically prescribed tranquilizers is significantly lower

among students who expect to attend college than among those who do not

plan to go to college.

Local Literature

Through understanding the effects of these fatal drugs, society must

focus on why many adolescent are choosing to use and abuse drugs. Many

adolescents fall within Trefferts (1972) two different populations of

adolescents use and abuse of drugs, but society needs to understand what

these factors are which determine use and contribute to abuse of drugs

among the adolescent population. 

Peer Influence

One of the main associations of adolescence is having peers. Peer

influence can have very strong psychological effects upon adolescents,

particularly when adolescents have a strong need to belong and identify

with their peers. Hollister (1972), identified six reasons for drug use and

abuse among peer adolescents: (1) Youngsters experiment with drugs rank
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curiosity first; (2) Peer group pressure to try drugs, especially when such

activity is considered "cool", is difficult to resist; (3) We have entered a

new era of hedonism...of immediate pleasure of any and all kinds,

including those afforded by drugs; (4) The mystical aspects of drug

use...remain a strong influence. The prevalence of mystical and magical

beliefs among youngsters who use drugs...is extraordinarily high; (5)

Defense against one's own feelings of fear of insanity; and (6) Drug

taking is away of "belonging". Much has been made of the anomie and

alienation of today's youth. Peer influence is a very powerful association

where many adolescents use and abuse drugs to keep positive associates

with one another.

Many adolescents first experience with drugs are with peers who

use drugs and introduce drugs to them. For many adolescents, this is a test

of friendship and many feel that they must use drugs if they want to be a

part of that particular peer group. Lamar (1978), emphasis that the most

salient point about peer involvement and the one that elicits broad-scale

agreement is that drug misuse is positively associated with attachment to

peers who misuse drugs. Sometimes peer pressure influences many

adolescents to use drugs. They have a strong need to belong, and if

adolescents want to prove themselves to their peers, especially if they are

new to the peer relationship, they may find it beneficial to try drugs if

their peers use drugs to prove their peer relationship. Tessor, Close and
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Donovan (1980), found that perceived environmental predictors, such as

friends, as models for drug use, account for twice as much variance in

drug use as personality factors. There are many adolescents who have

already accepted the fact that they want to use drugs, therefore, they

identify with others who use drugs.

Related Studies

Foreign Studies

There are very few adolescents who use drugs and socialize with

other peers who do not use drugs. Individuals who do not use drugs have

different beliefs and values about drug use compared to those who use and

abuse drugs. Matsueda (1982), acknowledged the logic of this perspective

is that those who use drugs will likely be those whose friends use drugs,

because they pick up their friend's definitions or values conductive to

drug use. From this known perspective Marcos, Bahr and Johnson (1986),

noted that one's bonds are presumed to influence one's friends' level of

drug use by causing a change in the kinds of peers that  are chosen as

friends, and not by causing existing friends to alter their drug behavior.

Many investigators have researched that peer influence has very

strong correlations to adolescent drug use and abuse. Most adolescents

develop beliefs that they must be a part of a particular peer group and

through their strong beliefs of wanting to be accepted, they develop poor

insight and judgment about the effects of drugs. For some adolescents,
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they find drug use and abuse a way of being cool and escaping reality, for

others, they may not understand why they are really using drugs, but they

understand that they are using drugs because of the simple reason that

their peers use and abuse drugs. In reference to the correlation of drug use

and abuse and peer relations, Jacquith (1981); Kaplan (1984); Lassey and

Carson (1980); Napier (1983); Newman (1984); Winfree and Griffiths

(1983), all suggest that the research specifically on drug use indicates that

association with friends who use drugs is correlated with one's own drug

use.

Juvenile Delinquency And Drug Use Some adolescents who use and

abuse drugs are often caught between their drug use and committing

crimes. Society labels these individuals as juvenile delinquents. One

major concern about adolescent drug abuse and delinquency is if the use

and abuse of drugs causes the delinquent act or does delinquency have a

strong correlation to drug use and abuse? Many investigators acknowledge

that there is more than juvenile delinquency factors which contribute to

drug abuse, but delinquency is classified as being one of the primary

factors which contributes to drug abuse among adolescents.

Many researcher's acknowledge that delinquency and drug use and

abuse is learned behavior from their peers. It is acknowledged that

adolescents are more likely to witness their parents' use of

substance...than they are to observe parental involvement in crime.

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Therefore, parents are less able to present unfavorable definitions of

crime even when engaging in the behavior. We thus predict a direct

positive effect of family influences on adolescent smoking. Many

researchers support the facts that if parents and adolescents have strong

bonds, then adolescents do not become juveniles or abuse drugs. Research

on adolescent deviance has repeatedly shown a relationship between the

quality of affective ties to the family and deviant behavior, it was

discovered that the influence of attachment to friends holds regardless of

whether the friends are delinquent. Moreover,

It was found not only that peer attachment had a direct inverse

effect on deviant behavior but also that adolescents who were more

attached to their friends were less likely to have friends who engaged in

delinquent behavior. Delinquency has a very strong correlation with drug

abuse, because delinquents often associate with their peers who abuse

drugs. It was supported that this factor by stating the association with

delinquent peers during adolescence is among the strongest correlates of

adolescent delinquency.

Not all peer groups are influenced to drug abuse and delinquency,

but sometimes drug abuse among adolescents can precipitate some type of

deviant behavior. Jenson (1972), Hindglang (1973), and Johnson (1979),

indicated one of the critical questions in the study of youthful deviance in

general and drug use in particular is the effects of peers.

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One of the most consistent findings is that association with

delinquent peers is positively correlated with delinquent behavior. There

is a strong correlation with delinquent behavior. There is a strong

correlation among drug abuse and delinquency. Sometimes antisocial

behavior among children while progressing into their adolescence

precipitates drug abuse and delinquency. Hawkins, Lishner and Catalano

(2011), indicated that serious juvenile offenders initiate drug use and

antisocial behavior at an early age. In some instances antisocial behavior

in adolescence predicts frequent use and abuse of drugs.

Hawkins, Jenson and Catalano (2008), supports Kellam and Browns

study in 1982 which was a sample of 1,242 urban Black first-grade male

aggressiveness, especially when coupled by shyness, and the frequency for

substance use ten years later. For some children who have problematic

conduct, there is a greater variety and frequency of antisocial behavior as

they enter into adolescence, which can lead to delinquency and drug

abuse. If a child becomes antisocial, and is exposed to drugs at an early

age, the chances of the child becoming a delinquent and abusing drugs

once one enters adolescence is a great possibility.

There are many different circumstances for drug abuse in many

home environments. Although many experts agree that delinquency has a

strong correlation with drug abuse, one must analysis the different

circumstances in which the adolescent becomes a delinquent and abuses

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drugs. Many times an adolescents' home environment is the cause of this

devastating habit of abusing drugs. Adolescence is a period when they

seek their identity and social adjustment, but without a firm foundation,

many adolescents are influenced by many negative external influences.

Fraser (2014), indicates that inadequate bonding alone is sufficient cause

of drug abuse.

Many researchers focus on one parent families who are near or

below the poverty line and associate these adolescents as being ones' who

have a high potential for drug abuse. Blumstein, Farrington and Maitra

(1985), suggest that children from socially deprived families characterized

by social isolation and multiple entrapment of parents in extreme poverty,

poor living conditions, and low status occupations or unemployment are at

elevated risk of chronic delinquent behavior and frequent drug use.

Not all one parent families and families near or below poverty who

have adolescents are identified as having adolescents with drug abuse

problems. There are many one parent families and families living in

poverty who are capable of providing their adolescent with the identity

which they are seeking as well as social adjustment. Blechman, Berberian

and Thompson (2007), indicated that studies have found that age, parent

child attachment and consistent discipline are more important than number

of parents in the home.

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Today, society is observing more adolescents from middle and

upper social economic status income families who have adolescents

abusing drugs. Alienation and deprivation of adolescents do not only exist

within the low economic status income families, it exists within all 

socioeconomic incomes.

Many adolescents are caught in the middle of family arguments and

divorcing parents. Psychologically adolescents need a way to escape these

circumstances and using drugs is often the solution. Harbin and Mazair

(2015), found that young drug users were often from broken homes, had

overindulgent mothers and emotionally distant fathers. Adolescents' needs

within the family consist of a feeling of attachment and commitment to

one or both parents, so that they can confide in them if they feel the need.

Hirschi (1969), agreed that some have argued that poor parent-child

attachments leads to a lack of commitment to conventional activities and

that this is sufficient to produce conditions fostering use. A families home

environment is a very important factor in promoting drug use and abuse. If

an adolescent is not disciplined or feels alienated within ones' family, one

may find that using drugs is favorable, particularly if an adolescent is not

satisfied with ones' home environment.

Local Studies

Kandel (2008), acknowledged that these youths dissatisfaction and

poor social adjustment can lead them to life-styles in which drug use is
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accepted. Further studies form Fraser (1984), indicated irrespective of the

presence of pro-drug values, the child who is disaffected from his parents

and whose parents (or parent) lacks the means to provide consist

discipline appears more likely to abuse drugs when compared to a child

from a home environment characterized by affection, supervision, and

support.

Another characteristic within the home environment which promotes

adolescent drug use and abuse is parent drug use. If a parent abuses drugs,

the primary rational for an adolescent drug use and abuse is the focus of

the parents drug use. Many adolescents learn their value and belief system

from a significant individual in their life, and in most instances these

individuals are the adolescents' parents. They develop values and beliefs

that if their parents are using drugs, why can't they?

There are some parents who disapprove of their adolescent using

drugs, but if the adolescent is exposed to a drug abusing environment,

they too develop a belief that it is wrong, but they still engage in drug use

because their parents and others use drugs. Mellinger (2011), indicates

while parents may disapprove of their child's use of drugs; parental use of

alcohol, tranquilizers, sedatives and tobacco provides standards for adult

behavior that children may want to imitate.

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Synthesis

The previous studies and literature were used as a baseline data that

was utilized in the formation of the research process and construction of a

survey questionnaire that is essential for the data to be collected for this

study. The latter studies also served as guide on who the researchers will

coordinate with in order to talk with security to the respondents of the

study.
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Chapter III

METHODS AND PROCEDURES OF THE STUDY

This chapter presents the design of the study. It expounds in detail

the research method used, data gathering procedures observed in the

investigation, description of the subjects and research instruments and the

statistical measures utilized in the presentation, analysis and

interpretation of data.

Research Design

This study used the descriptive method of research. The design

seemed appropriate since the purpose of this inquiry will be to describe

and analyze the prevalence of drug use among residents of Santiago City.

According to Sevilla (2006) descriptive research is one that

describes “what is” of a data and likewise a method to test hypotheses of

relationships or differences. Descriptive method may also be defined as a

purposive process of gathering, analyzing and classifying, and tabulating

data about prevailing conditions, beliefs, process, trends, and cause-effect

relationship and then making adequate and accurate interpretation about

such data with or without the aid of statistical method

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Respondents of the Study

The inquiry involved 80 residents of Santiago City from the different poblacion

barangays of Santiago City; 23 from Centro West, 18 from Calao West, 14 From San

Andres, 8 from Mabini, and 17 from Buenavista who are using prohibited drugs or family

members who are drug addicts in the City of Santiago, Province of Isabela. 58 male and

22 female if they are divided in their gender group. The group of respondents was

selected through random sampling strategy.

Data Gathering Tool

The researchers used a survey questionnaire in gathering the data needed in the

specific problems of the study. The said instrument is composed of two parts:

Respondents demographic data and the factors that affected drug use.

The Respondents demographic data included the following information which the

respondents were required to provide gender, age and educational attainment.

The second part of the questionnaire required respondents to assess themselves

objectively and their degree of their preference to a particular behavior or characteristics

of the different factors that affected drug use among residents of Santiago City.
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Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers to be able to gather the data needed for the study secured a

permission letter from the Dean of the College of Criminology of the Northeastern

College to conduct a survey among the residents of Santiago City who are suspected drug

users.

The researcher distributed personally the questionnaire to the

respondents and explained to them the objective of the research study as

well as regarding the questionnaire.

The result of the survey was summarized by the researcher by

tallying and tabulating the responses of the participants regarding the

questionnaire.

The researcher also made an observation of the present sociological

situation of the respondents within their community by spending time with

them.

Statistical Tools

The data gathered in this study through the use of questionnaire

were collected, tabulated, interpreted and analyzed in order to arrive at

significant findings that addressed the problem stated in this chapter. To

analyze the data gathered, the following statistical tools were used:
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1. Simple Frequency Count and Percentage Distribution. It is used to

treat the profile of the respondents as to their age, sex, civil status,

degree-major and socio-economic status.

Formula:

P=(f/n) x 100

Where:

P= Percentage

F= Frequency

N= Total number of respondents

100= Constant for percentage

2. Weighted Mean . It is utilized to treat the respondent’s responses on

the several parts under information proper.

Formula:

_ fx
X=--------------------
N

Where:
_
X= Mean

fx= Sum of the product of the scores

N= Total number of score

As to evaluate the factors affecting the drug use of the residents

of Santiago City and their perception will be subjected to the Five

point Likert Scale.

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The points range and descriptive (qualitative) interpretation used in

this study were as follows:

POINTS RANGE DESCRIPTION

5 4.21-5.0 Highly Influential

4 3.41-4.20 Influential

3 2.61-3.40 Moderately Influential

2 1.81-2.60 Slightly Influential

1 1.00-1.80 Not Influential

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Chapter IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter deals with the presentation, interpretation, analysis and interpretation

of data on the factors affecting the use of prohibited drugs among residents of Santiago

City. The findings of this study were subject on the data obtained in accordance with

method and procedure in the preceding chapter.

It also presents the profile of the respondents and their response to the degree of

preference and the interpretation of their responses basing from the statistical analysis

and tabulation of data retrieved from the questionnaires. The respondents were 80

residents from different Poblacion barangays of Santiago City, Isabela, 3311.

Part I. Profile of the respondents

The following tables present the data collected by the respondents and presented

in the frequency and percentage computed with regards to their gender, age, civil status,

kind of drug they use and educational attainment.

Sex Frequency Percentage

Male 58 72.50
Female 22 27.50
Total 80 100

Table 1.
Distribution of Respondents as to Sex.
As seen in table 1 in relation to the sex of the respondents majority of them are

male with a frequency of 58 or a percentage of 72.50. Female got a frequency of 22 or a

percentage of 27.50
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Age Bracket Frequency Percentage

18-22 years old 15 18.75
23 - 27 years old 30 37.50
28 - 32 years old 18 22.50
33 - 37 years old 12 15.00
38 years old and above 5 6.25
Total 80 100
Table 2.

Distribution of Respondents as to Age Bracket.

As presented in table 2 above in relation to the distribution of the respondents age

bracket, majority are in the age bracket of 23 – 27 years old with a frequency of 30 or a

percentage of 37.50, age bracket of 28 – 32 has a frequency of 18 or a percentage of

22.50, age bracket of 18 – 22 years old has a frequency of 15 or a percentage of 18.75

was computed. Those in the age bracket of 38 years old and above got the lowest

frequency of 5 or a percentage of only 6.25.

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Civil Status Frequency Percentage

Single 17 21.25
Married 32 40.00
Widow/er 3 3.75
Separated 28 35.00
Total 80 100
Table 3

Distribution of Respondents as to Civil Status

As seen from table 3 in relation to the respondents civil status most of them are

married with a frequency of 32 or a percentage of 40.00, those who are separated got a

frequency of 28 or a percentage of 35.00, those who are single got a frequency of 17 or a

percentage of 21.25 and the least are the widow/er with a frequency of 3 or a percentage

of 3.75.

Educational Attainment Frequency Percentage

College Graduate 13 16.25
College Level 9 11.25
High School Level 56 70.00
Elementary Level 2 2.50
Total 80 100
Table 4

Distribution of Respondents as to Educational Attainment.

As seen from the table 4 above in relation to the respondents educational

attainment most of them are high school level/graduate with a frequency of 56 or a

percentage of 70.00, those who belong elementary level/graduate got the lowest

frequency of 2 or a percentage of 2.50.

Kind of Drug They Use Frequency Percentage

Methamphetamine/shabu 47 58.75
Cocaine 3 3.75
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Cannabis/Marijuana 26 32.50
Heroine 5 6.25
Total 80 100
Table 5

Distribution of Respondents as to Kind of Drug They Use

As seen from the table 5 above in relation to the kind of drugs the respondents

majority are using methamphetamine or shabu with a frequency of 47 or a percentage

58.75, those who use cannabis or marijuana got a frequency of 26 or a percentage of

32.50, those who use heroine got a frequency of 5 or a percentage of 6.25, and those who

use cocaine got a frequency of only 3 or a percentage of 3.75.

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Part II. Factors affecting the use of Prohibited drugs

Primary Factors/Reasons of using prohibited Mea Interpretation

drugs
n
Delinquency 4.11 Influential
Peer influence 3.98 Influential
Experimentation 3.12 Moderately

Influential
Stressful Condition 3.52 Influential
Having Fun 3.63 Influential
Loneliness 3.84 Influential
Mental Health Disorder 3.08 Moderately

Influential
Family History 3.62 Influential
Recreation 3.04 Moderately

Influential
Sense of Belongingness 3.38 Moderately

Influential
Overall Mean 3.53 Influential
Table 6

Primary Factors or Reasons of Using Prohibited Drugs

As seen from table 6 in relation to the primary factors an overall mean of 3.53

was computed with an interpretation of “Influential”. “Delinquency” got the highest

mean of 4.11 or an interpretation of “Influential”. Use of prohibited drugs being a

recreation got the lowest mean of 3.04 or an interpretation of “Moderately Influential”.

The table implies that most of the respondents are juvenile delinquents. This is the

primary reason why they resort to the use of prohibited drugs, lack of guidance when they
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were young resulted them to the use of drugs. Being lonely and through the influence of

their peers also caused them to use prohibited drugs.

Home environment or Family Factors/ Mea Interpretation

Reasons of using prohibited drugs n

Inconsistent discipline 3.05 Moderately Influential
Broken family 3.97 Influential
Poor parent-child attachment 3.89 Influential
Feeling alienated 3.78 Influential
Parental values and belief system 3.02 Moderately Influential
Lack of affection 3.69 Influential
Overall Mean 3.57 Influential
Table 7

Home Environment or Family Factors/ Reasons of Using Prohibited Drugs

As presented in table 7 in relation to the factors in the home or family

environment that results in the use of prohibited drugs an overall mean of 3.57 was

computed with an interpretation of “Influential”. A “broken family” got the highest mean

of 3.97 or an interpretation of “Influential”. “Parental values and belief system” got the

lowest mean of 3.02 or an interpretation of “Moderately Influential”.

Lack of affection between parent and children, feeling “alienated” from both

parents and children and having “broken family” are the biggest causes why some

individuals find themselves using prohibited drugs as implied from the findings above.

Educational/Economic factors/ Reasons of Mean Interpretation

using prohibited drugs

Low educational attainment 3.89 Influential
Extreme poverty 3.02 Moderately Influential
Poor living condition 3.05 Moderately Influential
Low status occupation 3.37 Moderately Influential
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Unemployment 3.12 Moderately Influential

Overall Mean 3.29 Moderately Influential
Table 8

Educational/Economic Factors/ Reasons of Using Prohibited Drugs

As gleaned from the table above in relation to educational and economic factors

affecting the use of prohibited drugs an overall mean of 3.29 or an interpretation of

“Moderately Influential” was garnered. “Low educational attainment” got the highest

mean of 3.89 with an interpretation of “Influential”. “Extreme poverty” got the lowest

mean of 3.02 or an interpretation of “Moderately Influential”.

The table implies somehow that educational and economic factors are not that

significant are major reasons why some individuals use prohibited drugs, “having a low

educational attainment” got a little influence on the use of illegal drugs.

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Situational factors/ Reasons of using prohibited Mean Interpretation

drugs
To overcome shyness in social situation 3.22 Moderately Influential
To alter or change perception 3.35 Moderately Influential
To cover painful memories in the past 3.69 Influential
To be a part of group 3.39 Moderately Influential
To overcome boredom 3.05 Moderately Influential
To avoid physical and physiological pain 3.15 Moderately Influential
To cope with problem 3.02 Moderately Influential
Overall Mean 3.27 Moderately Influential
Table 9

Situational Factors/ Reasons of Using Prohibited Drugs

As gleaned from the table above in relation to situational factors affecting the use

of prohibited drugs an overall mean of 3.27 or an interpretation of “Moderately

Influential” was garnered. Covering “painful memories of the past” got the highest mean

of 3.69 or an interpretation of “Influential”. “To cope with problems” got the lowest

mean of 3.02 or an interpretation of “Moderately Influential”.

It shows that most of the respondents find situational factors not that causative of

their use of prohibited drugs, with only painful memories of the past an influential factor

in them trying to use prohibited drugs for them to forget for a time.

Recreational factors/ Reasons of using Mean Interpretation

prohibited drugs
For enjoyment 3.40 Moderately Influential
To relax and relive stress 3.26 Moderately Influential
To enhance mood and social occasion 3.49 Influential
To increase energy 3.74 Influential
To try something new 3.01 Moderately Influential
Overall Mean 3.38 Moderately Influential
Table 10
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Recreational Factors/ Reasons of Using Prohibited Drugs

As gleaned from the table above in relation to recreational factors affecting the

use of prohibited drugs an overall mean of 3.38 or an interpretation of “Moderately

Influential” was garnered. To increase energy got the highest mean of 3.74 or an

interpretation of “Influential”. Trying something new got the lowest mean of 3.01 or an

interpretation of “Moderately Influential”.

Most of the respondents find drugs not to be something they do for recreation

with only some of them looking for that extra burst of energy that some illegal drugs give

the reason they use it.

Other Environmental Factors/ Reasons of using Mean Interpretation

prohibited drugs
Early exposure or use of drugs 3.68 Influential
Relationship problems 3.52 Influential
Trauma/physical and sexual abuse 3.73 Influential
Low self-esteem 3.12 Moderately Influential
Chronic pain or medical condition 3.04 Moderately Influential
Gender acceptance 3.16 Moderately Influential
Isolation 3.69 Influential
Overall Mean 3.42 Influential
Table 11

Other Environmental Factors/ Reasons of Using Prohibited Drugs

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As gleaned from the table above in relation to other environmental factors

affecting the use of prohibited drugs an overall mean of 3.42 or an interpretation of

“Influential” was garnered. Experiencing trauma, physical and sexual abuse got the

highest mean of 3.73 or an interpretation of “Influential”. “Chronic pain or medical

condition” got the lowest mean of 3.04 or an interpretation of “Moderately Influential”.

The table implies that somehow individuals using prohibited drugs use them to

forget traumatic experiences they have had and because of isolation, and early exposure

to the use of drugs. It is not entirely a very big influence in why they use illegal drugs.
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Chapter V

Summary of Findings, Conclusion and Recommendation

This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusion and recommendation

of the study based on the findings of the study.

Summary of Findings

The findings of this study were divided into two categories which are the profile

of the respondents and their perception with regards to the factors affecting the use of

prohibited drugs among residents of Santiago City.

a. Gender.

Majority of the respondents are male with a frequency of 58 or a

percentage of 72.50. There are 22 female with a percentage of 27.50

b. Age.

Many of the respondents belong to the age bracket of 23 – 27 years

old with a frequency of thirty (30) and percentage of 37.50.

c. Civil Status

Many of the respondents are married with a frequency of 32 and a

percentage of 40.00

d. Educational Attainment

Majority of the respondents are High School level with a frequency

of 56 or a percentage of 70.00.
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COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY

e. Kind of drug they use

Many of the respondents use methamphetamine or shabu with a

frequency of 47 of a percentage of 58.75.

Part II. Factors affecting the use of Prohibited drugs

Primary Factors

An overall mean of 3.53 was computed with an interpretation of “Influential” in

relation to the primary factors in the use of prohibited drugs.

Home Environment or Family Factors

An overall mean of 3.57 or an interpretation of “Influential” was garnered in

relation to home environment or family factors being a factor in the use of prohibited

drugs which means that it could be one of the driving force why some individual are

prone to the use of prohibited drugs.

Educational and Economic Factors

An overall mean of 3.29 or an interpretation of “Moderately Influential” was

garnered which could mean that this being one of the lowest overall mean of the factors

could be the least influential reason some individuals are using prohibited drugs.

Situational Factors

An overall mean of 3.27 or an interpretation of “Moderately Influential” was

garnered which could mean that this being lowest overall mean of the factors could be the

least influential factors some individuals are using illegal drugs.

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COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY

Recreational Factors

An overall mean of 3.38 or an interpretation of “Moderately Influential” was

garnered which implies that this being one of the lowest overall mean of the different

factors could be the least causative factor why some people use illegal drugs.

Other Environmental Factors

An overall mean of 3.42 or an interpretation of “Influential” was garnered which

means that this an average mean in connection with the others it could be one of the

causes of the use of some individuals of illegal drugs. .

Conclusions

In the light of the above findings the researchers made the following conclusion:

Profile of the respondents

The researcher involved Eighty (80) residents of the different Poblacion

Barangays of Santiago City and their profile basing from the findings are the following:

On age bracket of the respondents bracket 23 – 27 years old was dominant.

Majority of the respondents are male, married and majority of them have educational

attainment of being in the High School level. Majority of them are using

methamphetamine or shabu.

Part II. Factors affecting the use of prohibited drugs

Basing from the factors it can be concluded that home environment and family

factors are the main causative factor in their use of prohibited drugs and somehow it can
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COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY

be seen that using prohibited drugs is connected to the respondents feeling a bit neglected

and finds company in their fellow drug users and if they still are not satisfied uses drug

use a way to gain attention from their families and friends.

Recommendations

In the light of the aforementioned conclusions, the researcher came up with the

following recommendations:

1. Initiative in the local government unit must be done in order to be able to give

more information to the citizens of Santiago City on the different methods that

they could use to determine if their family members are illegal drug users and also

for them to learn how they can cope if their family members are drugs users and

what government assistance program they are entitled to.

2. Focus on the early detection of drug users in the family must be given importance

and programs initiated not only by the City Health Office but also by the City

Social Welfare and Development Department must be geared towards helping

families doing battle with the drug menace.

3. More researches along this topic should be undertaken to issue forth more insights

on the ill effects of the commission of criminal and untoward acts.

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