Words are like ingredients: even a small change

in the recipe can affect the finished dish.

A) 'They had a warm laugh.’

B) 'They had a hearty laugh.’

These two sentences give us the same information but the

words have different effects:

A) Warm suggests
Warm the laugh was friendly.
B) Hearty suggests
Hearty the laugh was wholesome and
passionate.
Conversational , autoreactive , formal and in formative voice
 Cheerful / optimistic

Happy / joyful / romantic

Horror / gloomy / suspicious

Mysterious / suspenseful
 After we have read the
text last time, what is
the tone, mood and
voice in the
declaration ?

Mr. Mahmoud Afifi

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 The Declaration of Independence conveys a reflective, confident, and formal assertive
tone. This tone is evident from the word choice and phrases in the first two paragraphs.

The tone shifts stating from paragraph 3 till paragraph 31 to be an angry tone because
of the kings' deeds.

then another shift happens when he stated that a total independence was to be the main
aim of the American people and they are ready for the war . The tone here is challenging

Annotate

1) Sympathized with the Americans at the beginning ,

2) Anger while reading the bad deeds of the Britch king.
3) Encouraged after stating the declaration

Conversational , autoreactive , formal and in formative voice

 Parallelism, also known as parallel structure, is when phrases in a sentence have similar or the same
grammatical structure. In its most basic usage, parallelism provides a phrase with balance and clarity.
Parallelism also serves to give phrases a pattern and rhythm.

“That’s one step for man, one leap for mankind.” said Nile Armstrong

action noun action noun

preposition preposition
This parallelism gives it a memorable rhythm and repetition.
Second example, read this excerpt from Martin Luther King, Jr.’s famous speech:

I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of
its creed: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.

I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves
and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of
brotherhood.

I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the
heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an
oasis of freedom and justice.
This, too, is an example of parallelism, as each paragraph begins with the evocative
phrase “I have a dream,” and is followed by a noun phrase and the verb “will.” The
shared grammatical structure from phrase to phrase gives this speech a rhythm that
makes it more powerful, inspiring, and memorable.
Not Parallel: Cassandra likes shopping, dancing, and to watch classic movies.

Paralleled : Cassandra likes shopping, dancing, and watching classic movies.

Mr. Mahmoud Afifi 4 3 2 1
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Setting
In the 18th century Hook
It grabs the
reader`s attention
Thesis
It shows the main
claim and states
the main idea of
the easy
While reading non-fiction, author usually put some signs to guide you through the literary work.
This signposts helps you to highlight the most important factors in the literary work.
Omar was afraid to
lose his job.

It was Omar`s worst

nightmare to lose his
job.

The author said that to

make us feel that it will
be a big financial
problem for Omar to lose
his job at this moment in
his life.
Used in spoken or written language, involves inverting the words used in the first half of a sentence
in the second half of a sentence to create emphasis through repetition. This syntactical device is used
by speechwriters, authors, poets, lyricists, and playwrights who wish to push beyond predictable
sentence structure.

“I go where I please, and I please where I go. “Eat to live, not live to eat.” – Socrates.

love what they really hate and hate what they really love." -- Eric Hoffer
Here Jefferson used
the antimetabole
using a reverse
grammatical order in
order to make the
reader know that
they want be aliens
anymore unless
Americans get their
freedom
The whole text and
the one which follows
are rebuttal and
represent a call for
action