Treaty of Paris of 1898

(Tratado de Paris de 1898;

Kasunduan sa Paris ng 1898)
 Treaty of Peace between the United
States of America and the Kingdom of
Spain
Type: Peace Treaty
Signed: 10th of December, 1898
Location: Paris, France
Condition: Exchange of Ratifications
Language used: English and Spanish
Countries involved: Cuba, Puerto Rico,
Mariana Islands and Philippines
 15 of February
th

1898
USS Maine, a United States Navy ship that
sank in Havana Harbor in February 1898,
contributing to the outbreak of the Spanish–
American War in April.
The Sinking USS Maine
US Consul E. Spencer Pratt met with
Aguinaldo during his visit and
promised him the independence of the
Philippines in exchange for his
assistance in the war against Spain.
George Dewey
Hero of Manila
 best known for his victory at
the Battle of Manila Bay on
1st of May 1898 during
the Spanish-American War,
with the loss of only a single
crewman on the American
side.
Battle of Manila Bay
Mock Battle of Manila
On 13th of August 1898, the local Spanish and
American generals, who were legally still at war,
secretly and jointly planned the battle to transfer
control of the city center from the Spanish to the
Americans while keeping the Philippine
Revolutionary Army out of the city center.
Treaty of Paris
• Treaty of Paris in 1898 was an agreement
between United States and Spain that officially
ended the Spanish-American War.
• Conference opened on 1st of October 1898
• Signed on 10th of December 1898
• Decision of the future of Cuba, Philippines,
Guam, Puerto Rico, and Marianas Island.
The first Philippine Republic tried to
send a Filipino delegation to
participate and observe the negotiation
but it was denied.
Felipe Agoncillo
A Filipino lawyer and
diplomat who denied in
participation despite in
his petitions, he was not
allowed to join.
The demand was ultimately accepted with
great reluctance by Spain, with the
stipulation that the United States should
pay Spain $20 million nominally for public
buildings and public works in the
Philippines.
The treaty was vigorously opposed in the U.S.
Senate as inaugurating a policy of
“imperialism” in the Philippines and was
approved on Feb. 6, 1899, by only a single
vote. (57-27)
Philippine-American War

Two days earlier, hostilities had begun at

Manila between U.S. troops and insurgents
led by Emilio Aguinaldo. For more than
three years the Filipinos carried on guerrilla
warfare against U.S. rule.
PHILIPPINES
UNDER
AMERICAN
TUTELAGE

RIPH 111 _ Readings in

Philippine History
August 1898 – the Americans established
military government in the country.

Gen. Wesley Merritt – 1st military governor

in the country.
Gen. Elwell Otis – 2nd military governor in
the country replacing Gen. Merritt.
- made declaration of war.
Malolos Batallion
1. Major Donato Teodoro
2. Gen. Antonio Luna
New York Times - an American journal
First Philippine Commission
o January 20, 1899
o Schurman Commission
o Dr. Jacob Schurman
Bates Agreement – settlement of Sulu as
a protectorate of the US.
Januario Galut – Filipino spy for the
Americans.
Gen. Frederic Funston – learned of the
whereabouts of Aguinaldo.

Gen. Vicente Lukban – gave the

Americans the most humiliating defeat.
“Massacre of Balanginga”
Gen. Miguel Malvar – last general to
surrender to the Americans.
September 11, 1902 – Philippine-American
war had finally ended. (3 years and 7
mos.)

The Second Philippine Commission

o March 16, 1900
o Taft Commission
o chaired by William Howard Taft
The Establishment of American Civil
Government
o March 2, 1901
o Army Appropriation Act
o It create Civil Government in the
Philippines.
o Spooner Amendment (Sen. John
Spooner of Wiscousin)
July 4, 1901 – inauguration of the Civil
Government.
June 3, 1900 – the right to exercise
legislative functions in the Philippines.
Judge William Howard Taft
• 1st Civil Government in the Philippines
• He was a well-loved governor.

Sen. John Spooner – a man responsible for

the ending of the Military Administration in
the Philippines.
Cayetano Arellano – Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court.
Philippine Bill of 1902 / Philippine
Organic Act of 1902 – 1st stage in the
development of the Civil Government.

Luke E. Wright – replaced Taft as Civil

Governor.
Henry C. Ide – replaced Wright on April 2,
1906.
Manuel L. Quezon
 Majority Floor Leader
 Resident Commissioner 1909
 Outstanding Performance
Francis Burton Harrison – a new governor
in the Philippines.
Accomplishments of Harrison
Administration:
1. Giving the Filipinos the majority in the
Upper House (5/9).
2. Harrison replaced American employees with
Filipinos in government office (89%).
3. The Jones Bill of 1912.
Jones Law / Philippine Autonomy Law –
an American Law
First Independence Mission
 Composed of 40 members
 Leader: Manuel L. Quezon
 Stable government already exist.

Newton Baker (War Secretary) –

Philippine Independence symphatizer.
Warren G. Harding – Republican President

 In his desire to know the true state of

the Philippines, he sent the Wood Forbes
Mission.
 The special commission was
constituted by Maj. Gen. Leonard Wood &
William C. Forbes.
Philippine Congress 1922 – 2nd
Independence Mission to the U.S.
o it came out the recommendation of
deferring the granting of Philippine
Independence.
o due to poor financial state, bankruptcy
of the PNB and the instability of the
government.
Restoration of Filipino Cooperation
A good working relationship
between the Governor-general and
the Philippine Legislature was
restored.
Educational Developments
 Americans started opening schools in Manila
 Act 74 – The Philippine public school system
enacted by the Taft Commission in January 1901.
 The compulsory teaching of English in school.
 Recruitment of trained teachers in the U.S.
 Abolition of compulsory religious instruction.
Thomasites – 1st American teachers
arrived in Manila on August 23, 1901.

Act 1870 – created the University of the

Philippines in 1908 enacted by Philippine
Commission and Philippine Assembly.
Private Higher Education Institutions
during American Regime
1. Siliman University in 1901 (Negros
Oriental)
2. Centro Escolar University founded by
Librada Avelino in 1907.
3. Philippine Women’s University founded
by Francisca T. Benitez in 1919.
Pensionados – Hundreds of Filipino
scholars were sent to the US on free
government.
Religious Developments
1. The Introduction of Protestantism
2. The Rise of the Philippine Independent
Church was the establishment of
Aglipayan Church on August 3, 1902
1923 – 3rd Independence Mission likewise
failed.
1924-1930 - 4th–8th Independence Mission

OX-ROS Mission 1931 – 9th

Independence Mission
Hare-Hawes Cutting Act
o Representative Hare
o Senator Harry Hawes
o Senator Cutting
10th – 11th Independence Mission

Tyding-McDuffie Law – a new

independence measure.

May 1, 1934 – accepted the Tydings-

McDuffie Law by the Philippine
Legislature.
July 10, 1934
 draft the constitution of the
Philippines in the Constitutional
Convention;
 inaugurated at the Legislative
building in Manila
 Claro M. Recto – president of the
convention.
September 17, 1935 – 1st national
election for the President and the
members of the national assembly.

Three Parties:
1. Coalition Party (Quezon & Osmena)
2. Nacionalista Party ( Aguinaldo &
Raymundo Melliza)
3. Republican Party (Bishop Gregorio
Aglipay & Norberto Nabong)
November 15, 1935 – inaugurated
the Commonwealth of the
Philippines.
National Defense – the prime duty
of the government.
Departments established on 1941
1. Finance department
2. National economic council – promotion
of industries crop production,
enterprises, tariffs and taxation.
3. National development company –
mass production of staples like rice
and corn.
4. Agricultural & Industrial Bank – to
help small farmers with convenient
loans on easy terms.
5. National Council of Education –
Rafael Palma – Chairman.
6. Court of Appeals – aid in the speedy
disposition of cases.
Justice Pedro Concepcion – 1st
presiding justice.
7. Institute of National Language –
November 13, 1936.
8. Joint Preparatory Commission on
Philippine Affairs (JPCPA) – mutual
trade between the two countries.
9. Commonwealth Plebescite – Filipino
women were allowed to vote.
Filipino Grievances Against Governor
Wood

(PETITION LETTER)
Approved by the Commission on Independence on
November 17, 1926
 Gregorio Zaide
• Internationally known as Filipino
historian, author and politician
from Pagsanjan, Laguna
• Authored 67 books, that are
used in schools both secondary
and Colleges

45
 Gregorio Zaide
• He has also written beyond 500
articles about History that has been
published both in national and
international.
• He compiled and annotated the
petition letter for the constitutional
representatives of the Filipinos.
46
 Governor-General
Leonard Wood
• Sent to the Philippines as Governor-
General.
• 1923, he came to the Philippines after
his ministration in Cuba.
• Authorized governor of the Moro
province, comprising Southern Island
and Mindanao.
47
 Filipino Grievances Against
Governor Wood
• The period of American colonization of the Philippines
lasted 48 years, from cession of the Philippines to the
U.S. by Spain in 1898 to U.S. recognition of Philippine
independence in 1946.
• Philippines under American flag.
• Symbol of freedom and altruism, not subjugation and
selfishness or greed.
48
 Filipino Grievances Against
Governor Wood
• Avowed purpose is to train us in the art of self-
government and granting us independence.
• Promised that our country would be conserved
and developed for the benefit of people.

49
 Filipino Grievances Against
Governor Wood
• The first 20 years of civil government were
marked by mutual understanding and loyal
cooperation between American and Filipinos.
• The president of US sent General Wood to the
Philippines to fulfill his promise.

50
Calvin Coolidge
• American politician and lawyer
who served as the 30th
president of the United States
from 1923 to 1929.

51
 Filipino Grievances Against
•
Governor
EXPECTATION
Wood
Filipinos expected that spirit of cooperation would be
maintained. Political emancipation would be complete .
• REALITY
There was a train of arbitrary acts Resulted in curtailment of
our autonomy & destruction of our constitutional system
Reversal of America's Philippine Policy.

52
 ARBITARY ACTS OF GOVERNOR
GENERAL WOOD
• He has refused his assent to laws which were the most
wholesome & necessary heads of department.
• He has set at naught both the legal authority and
responsibility for the Philippine heads of departments.
• He has substituted his constitutional advisers for a group of
military attaches without legal standing in the government
and not responsible to the people.
53
 ARBITARY ACTS OF GOVERNOR
GENERAL WOOD
• He has reversed the policy of Filipinizing the service of the
government by appointing Americans even when Filipinos of
proven capacity were available.
• He has obstructed the carrying out of national economic
policies duty adopted by the Legislature, merely because they
are in conflict with his personal views.
• He has unduly interfered in the administration of justice.
ADD A FOOTER
54
 Filipino Grievances Against
Governor Wood
• EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 37
Based on an opinion rendered by the Judge
Advocate General of the United
States and the confirmatory opinion of the acting
Advocate General on
November 17, 1926.
55
 ADD A FOOTER
56
 Filipino Grievances Against
Governor
SET A (1,3,5,7 and 9)
Wood
SET B (2,4,6,8 and 10)
QUIZ
1. American sovereignty was implanted in our country with the avowed purpose
of training us in the art of self government and granting us independence.
TRUE
2. The first twenty years of civil government were marked by mutual
understanding and loyal cooperation between America and Philippines. TRUE
3. Approved by the commission on independence on ______________.
4. He has unduly interfered in the _________________.
5. He has set at naught both the legal authority and _______________________
heads of departments.
57
 Filipino Grievances Against
Governor
SET A (1,3,5,7 and 9)
Wood
SET B (2,4,6,8 and 10)
QUIZ
6. The first ___of civil government were marked by mutual understanding and
loyal cooperation between america and filipino ?
7. What place general leonardo wood send as governor general?
8. He refused his assets the laws which were the most wholesome and
necessary for the public good. T/F
9. He has unduly interfered in the administration of justice. T/F
10. What laws he declare to creating and defining powers of the board of control

58
 ANSWER KEY
1. True
2. True 6. 20 years
3. November 17, 1926 7. Philippines
4. Administration of Justice 8. True
5. Responsibility of the 9. True
Philippines 10. Executive Order 37

ADD A FOOTER
59
 THE BATTLE OF BATAAN
AND CORREGIDOR
BATTLE OF BATAAN (January 7 – April 9, 1942)
 Location: Bataan Peninsula near Manila Bay in
BATTLE Luzon Island, Philippines
OF United States and Philippine Commonwealth against
BATAAN Japan during World War II
(JANUAR The battle represented the most intense phase of the
Y7– Japanese invasion of the Philippines
APRIL 9, Ended on April 9, 1942
1942) 76,000 soldiers surrendered
Japanese victory
Beginning of Bataan Death March
GENERAL DOUGLAS
MCARTHUR
 a career American army
officer and the Commander of
Allied forces in the Philippines
at the time of their surrender to
the Empire of Japan during the
World War II.
 GEN. DOUGLAS
MCARTHUR
Consolidated all of his Luzon-based
units on the
Bataan Peninsula to fight against the
Japanese army.
In Australia, he made his famous
speech in which he
declared “I shall return”.
GENERAL EDWARD P. KING

 Commander of the Bataan

forces
 He was forced to surrender
together with his men when the
Filipino and American soldiers
could no longer defend the Bataan
peninsula from the invasion of
Japanese troops.
 GENERAL MASAHARU
HOMMA
 Lieutenant general in the
Imperial Japanese
 Army during World War II.
 After the war, Homma was
convicted of war crimes relating to
the actions of troops under his
direct command.
 He was executed by firing squad.
 BATAAN DEATH MARCH
Forcible transfer by the Imperial Japanese
Army of 60,000-80,000 American and Filipino
prisoners of war from Saysayin Point, Bagac,
Bataan and Mariveles to Camp O’Donnell,
Capas, Tarlac via San Fernando, Pampanga.
Forced to March 65 miles in 6 days. The
march was characterized by severe physical
abuse and wanton killings, and was later
judged by an Allied military commission to be
a Japanese war crime.
Hundreds of Americans and Filipinos had
died.
 BATTLE OF
CORREGIDOR
CULMINATION OF THE
JAPANESE CAMPAIGN ON
COMMONWEALTH OF THE
PHILIPPINES
 FOUR FORTIFIED ISLANDS
PROTECTING MOUTH OF MANILA BAY
•Fort Mills - General Samuel
Meyers Mills Jr.
•Fort Hughes - Major General
Robert P. Hughes
•Fort Drum - General Richard C.
Drum
•Fort Frank - Brigadier General
Royal T. Frank
 IMPORTANT DATES
May 5, 1942 - Japanese finally secured a
beachhead on the island of the Corregidor and
landed tanks.
May 6, 1942 - The remaining US troops on
Corregidor in the Philippines surrender to the
Japanese. Japanese troops scream, “Banzai”.
1945 – End of war and the liberation of Luzon to
Japanese colonization.
Raiders of the Sulu Sea
Raiders of the Sulu Sea
Based on the documentary about
the pirates of the Sulu Seas from
Mindanao.
The documentary demonstrates
how these raiders were actually
plying their trade before and
during the Spanish Colonization.
The Port Pilar
• Located on the Southern
tip of Mindanao in
Zamboanga.
• Established by Spaniards.
• Constructed with 10 high
meter wall fortification all
around.
The Port Pilar
• Used as base of the Spaniards
to facilitate their trade.
• Requested by Jesuit Priest
and Bishop Fray Pedro of
Cebu upon the approval of the
Spanish Governor of the
Philippines Juan Cerezo de
Salamanca.
Three Different Tribes of Seafaring
Filipino Muslims
• Tawi-Tawi and Sulu group of islands
and the Maguindanao area is where
the three tribes sails.
• The three tribes were known as the;
1. Samal Balangingi
2. Ilanuns or Iranuns
3. Sultanate of Sulu or Tausug.
The Three Tribes
1. Samal Balanguigui
One of the Samal Communities, that
originally inhabited The Tongkil
Island Group.
They were relocated to Zamboanga
Peninsula coast and Islands as a
result of the 1848 military campaign.
2. Ilanuns or Iranuns
Known as merciless
Inhabited the Ilana bay area
in southern Mindanao
They were a fierce marine
force of the Sultanate of
Sulu.
3. Tausug
People “Tau” Current “Sug”
Constituted the people of
Sultanate of Sulu or Lupah
Sug.
Speaks in Tausug Language
that is related to the Butuan
Dialect.
The Three Tribes are not really
pirates during the times, instead they
were plying their trade of capturing
people and selling them as slaves.
They land in different shores posing
as fishermen and without any
warning they draw their 1-meter long
swords and take many slaves as they
can.
Once captured, the slaves
palms are punctured and tied
to each other, then they are
loaded in a 25-27 meter by 6
meter boats that has 30 to 34
oarsmen and sails.
The Three Boats that the
Raiders of the Sulu Sea Used
LANONG – the biggest boat
that is used by the slave
raiders.
GARAY – the fastest among
the boats and can carry 60 –
80 men.
The Three Boats that the
Raiders of the Sulu Sea
Used
SALISIPAN – the smallest of
all the boats and is used to
monitor the sea shores and
carry men who pretend to be
fishermen.
The History Documentary was
actually focusing on how the
tribes were able to organize a
FLOTILLA with of a hundred
ships or more with more than
3,000 men.
This happened when the three
tribes connived to Fort Pilar.
How the tribes gathered?
The three tribes had some
sort of a pact on how to go
about their business and
employing Tausugs as their
warriors.
How the tribes gathered?
One tribe could set out to sea
with a few boats then drop-by
each of the several bases of the
tribes along the shores.
They would call upon all
available seafarers to join the
expedition.
The Slavery Trade Ended
When the Spaniards ordered three
steamboats from England.
Steamboats were faster, easier to
navigate and has various
armament to take on the tribes.
Spaniards were now able to chase
and follow the boats to their bases
and conduct raids.
The Documentary of Raiders of
the Sulu Sea
The documentary addresses
Moro resistance versus Spanish
and American rules in Southern
Philippines.
Moro raids on coastal areas
demonstrated resistance versus
Spanish Rule.
The Documentary of Raiders of
the Sulu Sea
The much-feared Dalasi attack in
December 1720 failed, although
Zamboanga was under siege.
These raids were sanctioned by the
Sultan for Political and economic
motives.
Spanish policy was to stop raids,
participate and monopolize trade and
propagate Christianity.
Slave raiding was part of the bigger
regional trade in Islands Southeast Asia.
Moro defiance against America imposition
dramatized resistance versus American
Rule.
Colonial rule and armed conflicts in this
region cause the impoverishment of Muslim
Areas.
Sulu in Spanish Times
Jolo was a “slave market” in
the 18th to 19th Century.
Panglima Taupan, from
Balanguingui Tribe was a
notorious Slave Raider.
Sulu in Spanish Times
Spain wanted to control
maritime trade in Sulu Sea in
addition to its goal of
Christianizing the population
“Money and Mission can go
together” they believed.
Weapons used by the
Raiders
Kalis – used by Tausug
and Balanguingui Tribe.
Cherished for its symbolic
connection and continuity
with ancestors struggle.
Weapons used by the Raiders
Barong – also used by Tausug and
Balanguingui Tribe. It is valued for
its steely cutting strength in cutting
into halves modern riffles.
Kampilan – used by Ilanuns.
Described as long and sharp, used
to decapitate his opponent and cut
the opponent’s head.
 The Reason behind Raiders of the Sulu Sea Attacking
The Three Tribes which are the Balanguingui Samal,
Ilanun, Tausugs started to attack the Fort Pilar to opposed
the changes that Spaniards want them to follow.
The three tribes didn’t like the idea of the Spaniards
forcing them to convert into Christianity.
They want to fight for their identity, traditions, and religion.
Thank You!