Reproduction in

Animals and
Other Organisms

Mr Lawrence Andrew F Fronda, LPT

At the end of this lesson, the
students are expected to:
⬢ describe the different
ways by which
representative animals
reproduce

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REPRODUCTION
is the process by which an organism produces its
own kind to ensure that its species lives on. If
organisms of a certain kind do no reproduce, their
species will gradually diminish until they cease to
exist.

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Animals and other organisms reproduce through
sexual reproduction or asexual reproduction. In
sexual reproduction, the male and female gametes
(each gamete contains its own unique genetic
material) fuse during fertilization.
Sexual Reproduction
⬢ Male and female animals have
different reproductive parts. Male and
female reproductive parts produce
sperm and egg cells respectively that
fuse to form zygote. Sexual
reproduction occurs when a sperm cell
unites with an egg cell to form a
zygote, which develops into an animal
whose genetic information is a
combination of the parents’ genes. 4
OTHER FACTS
Multicellular animals have a primary sex organ called gonad. The male gonads
are the testes (singular: testis) and the female gonads are the ovaries. The sperm
is motile and is formed in the testes. The ovum is spherical and non-motile and is
formed in the ovary. Majority of the animals have accessory organs such as
ducts, glands, and other associated sex organs that form the reproductive system.

Organisms such as flatworms and earthworms that have both male and female
systems are called monoecious or hermaphrodites. Some organisms exhibit
separate sexes (either male or female). They are known as dioecious. Dioecious
organisms include invertebrates such as nematodes and arthropods, and almost
all vertebrates.
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 Types of Sexual
Reproduction
Syngamy or fertilization
– the sexual reproduction
by the union of gametes
– sperm and ovum (or
egg).

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 Types of Sexual
Reproduction
Conjugation-involves
two organisms of the
same species with similar
appearance but have
different biochemical
compositions.
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Types of Sexual
Reproduction
They fuse together and exchange
micro-nuclear materials and then
separate to continue the fission (or
the splitting process). Organisms
that reproduce through conjugation
include bacteria and protozoans
(animal-like protists).

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Asexual Reproduction
⬢ In asexual reproduction, only one parent is
needed. The single produces offspring that
is genetically identical to it. The offspring
develops without meiosis or fertilization.
⬢ Although asexual reproduction usually
occurs in plants, it also occurs in aquatic
sessile, and (steady/not moving) organisms
such as cnidarians, sponges, and tunicates.
Asexual reproduction occurs in
polychaetes and planarians.
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Asexual reproduction can
happen through
Binary fission – this is the simplest
process of asexual reproduction
wherein the body of an organism
divides into new bodies. The
organism duplicates its DNA and
then undergoes binary fission,
wherein both new bodies receive a
copy of the DNA of the original 10
Asexual reproduction can happen through
Budding – In budding, outgrowths or
buds develops on the parent organism.
The buds may break off and develop
into a new organism or remain attached
to the parent organism, this type of
reproduction happens in animals
without reproductive organs or those
with both male and female
reproductive organs such as flatworms,
hydras, yeasts, sponges, jellyfish, sea
anemones, and corals. 11
Asexual reproduction can happen
through
Fragmentation – in this type of
asexual reproduction, an
organism’s body is divided into
two or more parts, wherein each
fragment develops into an
organism like its parent.
Fragmentation happens in sea
stars, annelids, and fungi. 12
Asexual reproduction can happen
through
Regeneration – this is
specialized form of sexual
reproduction wherein detached
parts of some organisms can
grow back (such as sea stars
and salamanders).

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Asexual reproduction can happen
through
Parthenogenesis is the spontaneous
development of an embryo from an
unfertilized egg cell. It naturally
occurs in a variety of plant and
animal species.

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KNOW WHAT?

Paramecium
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KNOW WHAT?

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KNOW WHAT?

Shrimp
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KNOW WHAT?

Gecko
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KNOW WHAT?

Bacillus cereus
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KNOW WHAT?

Spirogyra
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KNOW WHAT?

Spider

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