WEEK 1

FLUID MACHINERY
(BASIC CONCEPTS AND PUMPS)
 BASIC CONCEPTS
• FLUID MACHINERY
It is a system used to move fluids from one point to another.
• FLUID
Substances capable of flowing.
• TWO TYPES OF FLUIDS
 Liquid (pumps)
 Gas (fans, blower and compressors)
 BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE / EQUATION
The total energy of a moving fluid in a conduit is equal to the sum of the
potential energy, kinetic energy and the flow energy.
 FORMULAS
• Et = PE + KE + Wf ; J or N m

• Et = Wz + m+ PV ; Energy Unit ; kJ

• Et = z + +

• Et = z + + P
 PUMPS
• It is a system used to move liquid from low pressure side to high pressure side.
 TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD (TDH)
• The amount of energy in head needed to move the fluid from a point of low pressure to a
point of high pressure.
• TDH = z2-z1 + + + hfT
• Where:
• z2-z1 = elevation head hfT = total head loss
• = velocity head Notes: If 1 is below the CL; Z1 = (-)
• = pressure head If 1 is above the CL; Z1 = (+)
 HEAD LOSS (HF)
• Energy loss in piping due to friction.
• Darcy Weisbach Equation
Hf = ; m
Where;
f = friction factor or coefficient of friction
L = effective length ; m
v = velocity of liquid; m/s
g = gravitational acceleration ; m/
D = inside diameter ; m
• Fanning Equation
Hf = ; m
Where;
f = is taken from fanning chart
L = effective length ; m
v = velocity of liquid; m/s
g = gravitational acceleration ; m/
D = inside diameter ; m
WATER POWER/WATER
HORSEPOWER
• Where;
Pw  Q
Pw  Av
Pw  TDH
Pw  
• Thus;

Pw = Q  TDH

Where;
Q = Volume flow rate
d = Specific Weight
TDH = Total Dynamic Head
 PUMP EFFICIENCIES
• Electrical Motor Efficiency (emo) ;
emo =
• Efficiency of the Pump (ep) ;
ep =
• Mechanical Efficiency(nme) ;
nme =
• Combined Motor Pump efficiency (ek) ;
ek – (emo) (ep) (nme)
 PROBLEMS
• Example 1 : A liquid of SG 1.75 flows in a 6 cm horizontal pipe. The total energy at a
certain point in the flow is 80 m. The elevation of the pipe above a fixed datum is 2.6 m. If
the pressure at the specified point is 75 kPa, determine the velocity of flow and power
available at that point.
GIVEN:
SG = 1.75
D = 6 cm
Et = 80 m
P = 75 kPa
z = 2.6 m
 SOLUTION
• From Bernoulli’s Equation;
• Et = z + + ; m
• v=
• v=

• v = 37.85 m/s
• For Pw,
• Pw = Q  TDH Q = Av ; A = v
• Pw = ( ()(37.85 m) (1.75)(9.8066kN/)(80m)
• Pw = 146.93 kW
 PROBLEMS
• Example 2: If the velocity of water is 8 m/s and the pressure is 140 kPa on the discharge side
of the pump. What is the head of the pump if the velocity is 4 m/s and pressure is 90 kPa
before the pump?
• GIVEN
P1 = 90 kPa
v1 = 4 m/s
P2 = 140 kPa
v2 = 8 m/s
 SOLUTION
• TDH = z2-z1 + + + hfT
• TDH = +
• TDH = +
• TDH = 7.55 m H20
 PROBLEMS
• Example 3 : Water flows at 0.2 m3/s through a 300 mm diameter ,120 m long pipe under a
pressure of 280 mm Hg. Compute the friction factor.
GIVEN:
P = 280 mm Hg
L = 120 m
D = 300 mm
Q = 0.2 m3/s
f=?
 SOLUTION
• USING DWE; • v = 2.83 m/s
• Hf =
• f= • For Hf,
• For v, • P =  Hf
• Q= Av • Hf = =
• v = Q/A = • Hf = 3.807 m
• v= • f=
• f = 0.023
 PROBLEMS
• Example 4 : Oil with SG of 0.75 is flowing through a 6 in pipe under a pressure of 15 psi. If
the total energy relative to a datum plane 8 ft below the center of the pipe is 58.6 ft lb / lb.
GIVEN:
SG = 0.75
D = 6 in
P = 15 psi
z = 8 ft
E = 58.6 ft lb/lb
 SOLUTION
• From Bernoulli’s Equation;
• Et = PE + KE + Wf
• Et = Wz + m+ PV
• But V=m = m/
• Et = mgz + m+ P(m/)
• = gz + + (P/)
• =+ +
• v = 16.91 ft/s

• Q = ( )(16.91 ft/s) * 1 /144

• Q = 3.32 /s
 PROBLEMS
• Example 5 : Two pipes with the same friction factor and lengths are parallel. If the first pipe
is twice the diameter of the second, what must be the ration of their flow.
GIVEN:
f1 = f2
L1 = L2
D1 = 2D2
hf1 = hf2 (equal friction head)
r=?
 SOLUTION
• r= =
• r= • =
• r=4 • =
• Hf1 = Hf2 • r=4
• =
• =