FIRST AID

Prepared by:
Miguel Carlos N. Tacderan, RN
School Nurse
Patient/Casualty Handling
Rescue
It is the rapid movement of
patient from an unsafe place to
a place of safety.
Methods of Rescue
1. For immediate rescue without assistance, drag or pull the
victim.

2. Most one-man drags/carries and other transfer methods

can be used as methods of rescue.
Transfer/Transferring
It is the moving a patient from
one place to another after
giving first aid.
Factors to be considered in the selection of
choosing the transfer method.
1. Nature and Severity of the injury.
2. Size of the victim.
3. Physical capabilities of the first aider.
4. Number of personnel and equipment available.
5. Nature of evacuation route.
6. Distance to be covered.
7. Gender of the victims. (last consideration)
Pointers to be observed during transfer
1. Victim’s airway must be maintained open/
2. Bleeding must be controlled.
3. Victim is safely maintained in the correct position.
4. Supporting bandages and dressings remain effectively
applied.
Pointers to be observed during transfer
5. The transfer method must be safe, comfortable and as
quick as circumstances permit.
6. The patient’s body is moved as one unit.
7. The taller first aiders stay at the head side of the victim.
8. First aiders/bearers must observe proper body posture in
lifting and moving patient.
Methods of Transfer
One-man assist/carries
Assist to walk
Carry in arms (cradle)
One-man assist/carries
Fireman’s carry
One-man assist/carries
Blanket drag Pack Strap carry
One-man assist/carries
Armpit/Shoulder drag Incline drag
Two-man assists/carries
Assist to Walk Carry by Extremities
Two-man assists/carries
Four-Hand Seat
Three-man assist/carries
Hammock Carry
Three-man assist/carries
Three –man carry
Common Emergency
Situations in a
School Setting
Wound
It is a break in the continuity
of a tissue of the body either
internal or external
Two Classifications of Wound
Closed Wound
Causes:
1. Blunt object result in contusion or
bruises.
2. Application of external forces
Closed Wound
Mild Signs/Symptoms Severe Signs/Symptoms
-Pain and tenderness - Restlessness
-Swelling - Thirst
-Discoloration - Vomiting/coughing-out
-Bruises blood
- Presence of bleeding in the
mouth, nose and ear.
First Aid Management for Closed Wound

Ice application
- 5-10 min every 1-2 hours

Splinting
Open Wound
CLASSIFICATION CAUSES CHARACTERISTICS
Puncture Penetrating pointed Deep and narrow, serious
instruments such as nails. or slight bleeding

Abrasion Scrapping or rubbing Shallow, wide and dirty

against rough surfaces

Laceration Blunt instruments such as Torn with irregular edges,

shrapnel and rocks. serious or slight bleeding

Avulsion Explosion, animal bites , Tissue forcefully separated

mishandling of tools, etc. from the body

Incision Sharp bladed instruments Clean cut, deep, severe

such as blades, razors, bleeding, wound is clean
knife, etc.
Open Wound
Dangers of Open Wounds
Hemorrhage – severe bleeding

Infection

Shock – due to severe bleeding

4 C’s: First- Aid Management
Control bleeding thru direct pressure and elevation of the
affected area.
Clean and cover the wound

Care for shock and other danger signs.

Consult physician
Home care for open wounds
1. Clean the wound with soap and water.

2. Apply mild antiseptics or antibiotic ointment/cream.

3. Cover wound with dressing and bandage.

Cramps
It is the sudden, painful tightening of a muscle.

First-Aid Management
 Have the person stretch out the affected muscle to
counteract the cramp
 Massage the cramped muscle firmly but gently.
Cramps
 Apply heat. Moist heat is more effective than dry heat.

 Get medical help if cramp persists.

Strain
It is the sudden, painful tearing of muscle fiber during
exertion.

Signs/Symptoms:
 Pain - Loss of efficient movement
 Swelling
 Bruising
First-Aid Management for Strain
1. Apply cold compress at once.

2. Elevate the limb to reduce swelling and bleeding within

the muscle. Rest for 24 hours.
3. Get medical help.
Sprain
It is caused by torn fibers in a ligament.

Signs/Symptoms:
 Swelling
- Bruising
First-Aid Management
Remove any clothing or jewelry around the joint.
Apply cold compress at once.
Elevate the affected joint with pillow or clothing.
Fainting
It is the lose of consciousness for a
short time due to a low oxygen level
in the brain.
Causes of Fainting
Emotional trauma
Fear
Sudden drop of blood pressure
Physical exertion in hot temperature
Dehydration
Hyperventilation (too fast breathing)
 First-Aid Management for Fainting
The goal is to promote efficient blood flow to
the head.

1. Elevate the feet above heart level.

2. Loosen tight clothing.
3. Keep the patient cool as possible.
4. Keep the person lying still for 10-15 minutes.
 “We must always bear in mind that
prevention and maintenance of a good
health is better than cure.”
Thank You!