DATA COMMUNICATIONS

DATA COMMUNICATIONS
Data communications refers to the transmission of
this digital data between two or more computers

COMPUTER NETWORK
and a computer network or data network is a
telecommunications network that allows computers
to exchange data.
 ADVANTAGES
• Resource sharing such as printers and storage devices
• Exchange of information by means of e-Mails and FTP
• Information sharing by using Web or Internet
• Interaction with other users using dynamic web pages
• IP phones
• Video conferences
• Parallel computing
• Instant messaging
NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES

Network technology is the use of

connected systems either via optic
cable, satellite, wireless
connections to relay various data ,
communication and resources in
different parts of the world. it uses
a build infrastructure to relay
information either through
communication, internet
networking, voice calls, etc.

There are three major types

of network technologies:

1. Wired
2. Wireless
3. Exotic
 WIRED TECHNOLOGIES

A wired network is a common type of

wired configuration. Most wired
networks use Ethernet cables to transfer
data between connected PCs. In a small
wired network, a single router may be
used to connect all the computers.
Larger networks often involve multiple
routers or switches that connect to each
other.

The orders of the following wired

technologies are, roughly, from slowest
to fastest transmission speed.

1. Coaxial Cable
2. Twisted Pair
3. Optical Fiber
 WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES

The word wireless is dictionary defined

as "having no wires". In networking
terminology, wireless is the term used to
describe any computer network where
there is no physical wired connection
between sender and receiver, but rather
the network is connected by radio
waves and/or microwaves to maintain
communications.
The orders of the following wireless
technologies are, roughly, from slowest
to fastest transmission speed.

1. Terrestrial microwave
2. Communications satellites
3. Cellular
4. Radio and spread spectrum
technologies
5. Free-space optical communication
 EXOTIC TECHNOLOGIES

Exotic Technologies Initiative is a search for innovative technologies with the

potential to make a major impact on high performance computing over the next
15 years. They will define the performance and aspects of the technologies and
explain why their system is the most likely to succeed.

The orders of the following exotic technologies are, roughly, from slowest to
fastest transmission speed.

1. IP Over Avian Carrier

2. Interplanetary Internet
 TYPES OF NETWORK

The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines,

radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams. The common types of networks
include: Local Area Network (LAN) Wide Area Network (WAN) Metropolitan Area
Network (MAN) and Personal Area Network (PAN)
 PERSONAL AREA NETWORK

A Personal Area Network (PAN) is

smallest network which is very
personal to a user. This may include
Bluetooth enabled devices or infra-
red enabled devices. PAN has
connectivity range up to 10 meters.
PAN may include wireless computer
keyboard and mouse, Bluetooth
enabled headphones, wireless
printers and TV remotes.
 LOCAL AREA NETWORK

A computer network spanned inside a

building and operated under single
administrative system is generally
termed as Local Area Network (LAN).
Usually, LAN covers an organization’
offices, schools, colleges or
universities. Number of systems
connected in LAN may vary from as
least as two to as much as 16 million.
LAN provides a useful way of sharing
the resources between end users.
The resources such as printers, file
servers, scanners, and internet are
easily sharable among computers.
 METROPOLITAN AREA
NETWORK

The Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

generally expands throughout a city
such as cable TV network. It can be in
the form of Ethernet, Token-ring, ATM,
or Fiber Distributed Data Interface
(FDDI).
Metro Ethernet is a service which is
provided by ISPs. This service enables
its users to expand their Local Area
Networks. For example, MAN can help
an organization to connect all of its
offices in a city. Backbone of MAN is
high-capacity and high-speed fiber
optics. MAN works in between Local
Area Network and Wide Area Network.
MAN provides uplink for LANs to WANs
or internet.
 WIDE AREA NETWORK

As the name suggests, the Wide Area

Network (WAN) covers a wide area
which may span across provinces
and even a whole country. Generally,
telecommunication networks are
Wide Area Network. These networks
provide connectivity to MANs and LANs.
Since they are equipped with very high
speed backbone, WANs use very
expensive network equipment. WAN
may use advanced technologies such
as Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM),
Frame Relay, and Synchronous Optical
Network (SONET). WAN may be
managed by multiple administration.
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

A Network Topology is the arrangement with which computer systems or

network devices are connected to each other. Topologies may define both
physical and logical aspect of the network. Both logical and physical
topologies could be same or different in a same network.

1. Point-to-Point
2. Bus Topology
3. Star Topology
4. Ring Topology
5. Mesh Topology
6. Tree Topology
7. Daisy Chain
8. Hybrid Topology
 POINT-TO-POINT BUS TOPOLOGY

Point-to-point networks contains exactly

two hosts such as computer,
switches or routers, servers
connected back to back using a
In case of Bus topology, all devices
single piece of cable. Often, the
share single communication line or
receiving end of one host is connected
cable. Bus topology may have
to sending end of the other and vice-
problem while multiple hosts sending
versa. If the hosts are connected point-
data at the same time. Therefore, Bus
to-point logically, then may have
topology either uses CSMA/CD
multiple intermediate devices. But the
technology or recognizes one host as
end hosts are unaware of underlying
Bus Master to solve the issue. It is one
network and see each other as if they
of the simple forms of networking
are connected directly.
where a failure of a device does not
affect the other devices.
 STAR TOPOLOGY
All hosts in Star topology are
connected to a central device, known
as hub device, using a point-to-point
connection. That is, there exists a point
to point connection between hosts and
hub. The hub device can be any of the
following:
• Layer-1 device such as hub or
repeater
• Layer-2 device such as switch or
bridge
• Layer-3 device such as router or
gateway
.
RING TOPOLOGY
In ring topology, each host machine
connects to exactly two other
machines, creating a circular network
structure. When one host tries to
communicate or send message to a
host which is not adjacent to it, the data
travels through all intermediate hosts.
To connect one more host in the
existing structure, the administrator may
need only one more extra cable.

MESH TOPOLOGY
In this type of topology, a host is
connected to one or multiple hosts.
This topology has hosts in point-to-point
connection with every other host or may
also have hosts which are in point-to-
point connection to few hosts only.
TREE TOPOLOGY
This topology divides the network in to
multiple levels/layers of network. Mainly
in LANs, a network is bifurcated into
three types of network devices. The
lowermost is access-layer where
computers are attached. The middle
layer is known as distribution layer,
which works as mediator between upper
layer and lower layer. The highest layer
is known as core layer, and is central
point of the network, i.e. root of the tree
from which all nodes fork.
 DAISY CHAIN HYBRID TOPOLOGY

This topology connects all the hosts in a

linear fashion. Similar to Ring topology, all
hosts are connected to two hosts only,
except the end hosts. Means, if the end
hosts in daisy chain are connected then it
represents Ring topology. Each link in daisy
chain topology represents single point of
failure. Every link failure splits the network
into two segments. Every intermediate host A network structure whose design
works as relay for its immediate hosts. contains more than one topology is
said to be hybrid topology. Hybrid
topology inherits merits and demerits of
all the incorporating topologies.
CRIMPING TOOL
A crimping tool is a device used to
conjoin two pieces of metal by
deforming one or both of them in a
way that causes them to hold each
other. The result of the tool's work is
called a crimp. A good example
of crimping is the process of affixing a
connector to the end of a cable.
RJ 45
RJ45. An 8-pin/8-position plug or jack
is commonly used to connect
computers onto Ethernet-based local
area networks (LAN). Two wiring
schemes–T568A and T568B–are used
to terminate the twisted-pair cable onto
the connector interface.
UTP CABLE
Twisted pair cabling is a type of wiring
in which two conductors of a single
circuit are twisted. UTP cable is also
the most common cable used in
computer networking. Modern
Ethernet, the most common data
networking standard
 WIRE STRIPPER
A wire stripper is a small, hand-held device used to strip the
electrical insulation from electric wires. 
PUNCH DOWN TOOL
It is used for inserting wire into insulation-
displacement connectors on punch down
blocks, patch panels, keystone modules,
and surface mount boxes (also known as
biscuit jacks).
KEYSTONE WALL PLATE
Keystone wall plates are used in
commercial and industrial buildings to
cleanly attach telecommunication
cables etc. to a junction box, surface
mount box, or a mud ring mounted in
the drywall of a building. ... Keystone
wall plates are made of plastic and
have one to twelve ports.

OUTLET
An electrical outlet or receptacle is a socket that
connects an electrical device to an electricity
supply. 
ETHERNET CABLE
Networking cables are networking
hardware used to connect one network
device to other network devices or to
connect two or more computers to
share printers, scanners etc. 

PHONE CABLE
The wiring scheme for a
single line phone was identified as
"RJ11", and the name stuck to
describe the connector used on a
phone cord. Today, RJ-11 is widely
used in the connectivity industry to
denote a 6-position, 4-conductor
modular connector or jack.
 FIBER OPTIC CABLE
Optical fibers are used most often as a means to transmit light
between the two ends of the fiber and find wide usage in fiber-optic
communications, where they permit transmission over longer
distances and at higher bandwidths (data rates) than
electrical cables.
 RACEWAY SLOTTED PVC MOLDINGS
Cable raceway helps organize exposed cables and wires running on your
ceiling and walls.
 FASTENER CABLE TIE TWIST
TIE
A fastener is a cable tie that mechanically joins or affixes two or
more cables/wires together.
 COMPUTER
A computer is a device that accepts
information (in the form of digitalized
data) and manipulates it for some
result based on a program or
sequence of instructions on how the
data is to be processed.

LAPTOP
Laptops combines the components,
inputs, outputs, and capabilities of a
desktop computer, including the
display screen, small speakers, a
keyboard, hard disk drive, optical disc
drive, pointing devices (such as a
touchpad or trackpad), a processor,
and memory into a single unit.
 SMART PHONES
A smartphone is a handheld personal
computer with a mobile operating
system and an integrated mobile
broadband cellular network connection
for voice, SMS, and Internet data
communication; most, if not all,
smartphones also support Wi-Fi.

TELEPHONES
A telephone, or phone, is a
telecommunications device that
permits two or more users to conduct
a conversation when they are too far
apart to be heard directly.
 SERVER CABINET SERVER RACK
A single rack can contain multiple servers stacked one above the
other, consolidating network resources and minimizing the
required floor space.
PATCH PANEL
A patch panel, patch bay, patch field or
jack field is a device or unit featuring a
number of jacks, usually of the same
or similar type, for the use of
connecting and routing circuits for
monitoring, interconnecting, and
testing circuits in a convenient, flexible
manner.
 HUB
Hubs are devices commonly used to
connect segments of a LAN.
The hub contains multiple ports. When
a packet arrives at one port, it is
copied to the other ports so that all
segments of the LAN can see all
packets.
SWITCH
Switch simply allows Ethernet
devices to communicate with
one another, such as a PC or
network printer, and those are
typically what we call “plug and
play.”
MODEM
A modem (modulator–demodulator) is
a network hardware device that
modulates one or more carrier wave
signals to encode digital information
for transmission and demodulates
signals to decode the transmitted
information.
SPLITTER
A splitter is a device used to split the
cable signal if the signal must be sent
to two or more devices. Service
technicians might install splitters if they
activate additional outlets within your
home.
ROUTER
A router is a networking device that
forwards data packets between
computer networks. Routers perform
the traffic directing functions on the
Internet.
 ACCESS POINT
REPEATER / RANGE EXTENDER
MULTIPLE SSID
BRIDGE

WAP / WIRELESS ACCESS POINT

A wireless router connects a group of wireless stations to an
adjacent wired network. Conceptually, a wireless router is a wireless
AP combined with an Ethernet router. A wireless router forwards IP
packets between your wireless subnet and any other subnet.
ADSL
Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) is a type of digital
subscriber line (DSL) technology, a data communications
technology that enables faster data transmission over copper
telephone lines than a conventional voice band modem can
provide.
 MANAGED SWITCH
Managed switches give you more control over your LAN traffic and offer
advanced features to control that traffic.
NETWORK CONTROLLER
A network interface controller (NIC, also
known as a network interface
card, network adapter, LAN adapter or
physical network interface, and by similar
terms) is a computer hardware component
that connects a computer to a computer
network.
NETWORK ATTACHED STORAGE (NAS)
Network-attached storage is a file-level computer
data storage server connected to a computer
network providing data access to a
heterogeneous group of clients. NAS is
specialized for serving files either by its hardware,
software, or configuration
PRINTER
A printer is a peripheral device which
makes a persistent human-readable
representation of graphics or text on
paper.
LAN CABLE TESTER
A cable tester is an electronic device
used to verify the electrical
connections in a signal cable or other
wired assembly. Basic cable testers
are continuity testers that verify the
existence of a conductive path
between ends of the cable, and verify
the correct wiring of connectors on the
cable. More advanced cable testers
can measure the signal transmission
properties of the cable such as its
resistance, signal attenuation, noise
and interference.
 T568A and T568B
T568A and T568B are the two color codes used for wiring eight-position
RJ45 modular plugs. Both are allowed under the ANSI/TIA/EIA wiring
standards. The only difference between the two color codes is that the
orange and green pairs are interchanged.
A straight through cable is a type of STRAGHT-THROUGH
twisted pair cable that is used in local
area networks to connect a computer CABLE
to a network hub such as a router.
This type of cable is also sometimes
called a patch cable and is an
alternative to wireless connections
where one or more computers
access a router through a wireless
signal. On a straight through cable,
the wired pins match. Usually,
straight through cables are primarily
used for connecting unlike devices.
And crossover cables are use for
connecting unlike devices alike
devices. Use straight through cable
for the following cabling:
Switch to router
Switch to PC or server
Hub to PC or server
CROSS OVER
CABLE An Ethernet crossover cable is a type
of Ethernet cable used to connect
computing devices together directly. The
internal wiring of Ethernet crossover cables
reverses the transmit and receive signals.
It is most often used to connect two
devices of the same type: e.g. two
computers (via network interface controller)
or two switches to each other.
Use crossover cables for the following
cabling:
Switch to switch
Switch to hub
Hub to hub
Router to router
Router Ethernet port to PC NIC
PC to PC
WIRE COLOR CODE MEANING
 IP ADDRESS
IP addresses: Networks and hosts. An IP address is a 32-bit number that uniquely
identifies a host (computer or other device, such as a printer or router) on a TCP/IP
network. IP addresses are normally expressed in dotted-decimal format, with four
numbers separated by periods, such as 192.168.1.1