Ch-3: Steady State Heat Conduction

1
 Steady Heat Conduction in Plane Walls

Considerable Temperature Difference between the inner and the outer surfaces of the wall (significant temperature gradient
in the x-direction)
Assuming heat transfer is the only in 1-dimension (1D):
Steady state conduction

Temperature For constant thermal conductivity (Fourier-Biot

Distribution equation)

( )( ) [ ]
2 2 2
𝜕 𝑇 𝜕 𝑇 𝜕 𝑇 ˙
𝑞 1 𝜕𝑇 𝑘
2
+ 2
+ 2
+ = 𝑤h𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝛼=
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑘 𝛼 𝜕𝑡 𝜌 𝑐𝑝 𝑞𝑥

𝜕2 𝑇 𝜕 2 𝑇
𝑜𝑛𝑒− 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2 + 2 =0
𝜕 𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑛𝑜 h𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ( 𝑞˙ )=0 Steady State

𝑑
𝑘
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥( )
𝑑𝑇
=0
𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑥
=𝐶 1 𝑇 ( 𝑥 )=𝐶 1 𝑥 +𝐶 2
2
 Steady Heat Conduction in Plane Walls

Temperature Distribution —contd--

𝑇 ( 𝑥 )=𝐶 1 𝑥 +𝐶 2
𝐴𝑡 𝑥= 0 , 𝑇 =𝑇 1 𝐴𝑡 𝑥= 𝐿 , 𝑇 =𝑇 2
𝑞𝑥
𝑇 2− 𝑇1 𝑇 2 −𝑇 1
𝐶 2=𝑇 1 𝐶 1= 𝑇 ( 𝑥 )= 𝑥+𝑇 1
𝐿 𝐿

Temperature distribution across a wall is linear and is independent of thermal

conductivity
Heat Conduction Rate through the plane wall using Fourier’s
Eq.
𝑑𝑇𝑑𝑇 𝑇 2− 𝑇1 𝑑𝑇 𝑇 2 −𝑇 1
𝑞 𝑥 =−𝑘𝐴 =𝐶 1= 𝑞 𝑥 =−𝑘𝐴
𝑑𝑥
=−𝑘𝐴
𝐿
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝐿
Once the rate of heat conduction is available, temperature T(x) at any location x can be determined by replacing T2 in above Eq.
by T, and L by x
 Steady Heat Conduction in Plane Walls

𝑑𝑇 𝑇 2 −𝑇 1
𝑞 𝑥 =−𝑘𝐴 =−𝑘𝐴
𝑑𝑥 𝐿
Heat Conduction rate through a plane wall can be
rearranged as
𝑇 1 −𝑇 2
𝑞𝑥= (𝑊 )
𝑅 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙

Where Rwall is the conduction resistance

𝐿
𝑅𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = ¿
𝑘𝐴

Thermal Resistance of a medium depends on the geometry and the thermal properties of
the medium
 Steady Heat Conduction in Plane Walls
Analogy to Electrical Current Flow
𝐿
𝑅𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = ¿
𝑘𝐴
𝑉 1 −𝑉 2
Above Eq. is analogous to the relation for electric current flow I, 𝐼 =
expressed as: 𝑅𝑒
𝑇 1 −𝑇 2
𝑞 𝑥=
𝑅 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙

Heat Transfer Electrical current flow

Thermal resistance ←→ Electrical resistance

Rate of heat transfer ←→ Electric current

Temperature difference ←→ Voltage difference

 Convection
Resistance

Thermal resistance can also be applied to convection processes

Newton’s Law of Cooling for convection heat transfer rate

𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = h 𝐴 𝑠 ( 𝑇 𝑠 − 𝑇 ∞ ) (𝑊 )

Rearranged as:
𝑇 𝑠 −𝑇 ∞
𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = (𝑊 ) 𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣
𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣

Rconv is the convection resistance

1
𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = ¿
h𝐴 𝑠
 Radiation
Resistance

Rate of Radiation Heat Transfer between a surface and the surrounding

𝑞𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝜖𝜎 𝐴 𝑠 ( 𝑇 4𝑠 − 𝑇 4𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 ) 𝑞𝑟𝑎𝑑 = h𝑟 𝑎𝑑 𝐴 𝑠 ( 𝑇 𝑠 − 𝑇 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 )

h𝑟𝑎𝑑 ≡ 𝜖𝜎 ( 𝑇 𝑠 +𝑇 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 ) ( 𝑇 𝑠+ 𝑇 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 ) ( 𝑊 /𝑚 . 𝐾 )

2 2 2

𝑇 𝑠 − 𝑇 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟
𝑞𝑟𝑎𝑑 =h𝑟 𝑎𝑑 𝐴 𝑠 ( 𝑇 𝑠 − 𝑇 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 ) =
𝑅𝑟𝑎𝑑
1
𝑅𝑟𝑎𝑑 = ¿
h 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝐴 𝑠
 Radiation and Convection
Resistance
A surface exposed to the surrounding might involves convection and
radiation simultaneously
𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣
Convection and Radiation Resistances are
parallel to each other
𝑞
When Tsurr ≈ T∞, radiation effect can
𝑞𝑟𝑎𝑑
properly be accounted for by
replacing h in the convection
resistance relation by
𝑞=𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 + 𝑞𝑟𝑎𝑑
h𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 =h𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 + h𝑟𝑎𝑑 ( 𝑊 / 𝑚 . 𝐾 )
2

𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = h 𝐴 𝑠 ( 𝑇 𝑠 − 𝑇 ∞ ) (𝑊 ) 𝑞𝑟𝑎𝑑 =h𝑟 𝑎𝑑 𝐴 𝑠 ( 𝑇 𝑠 − 𝑇 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 )

 Heat Conduction Through a Composite
Wall
Quantity of heat transmitted per unit time through each slab/layer
is same T1
𝑘 𝐴 𝐴 ( 𝑇 1 −𝑇 2 ) 𝑘 𝐵 𝐴 (𝑇 2− 𝑇 3) 𝑘𝐶 𝐴 ( 𝑇 3 − 𝑇 4 ) T2
𝑞𝑥= ¿ ¿
𝐿𝐴 𝐿𝐵 𝐿𝐶
T3
𝑞𝑥 𝑞𝑥
Assuming a perfect contact between the layers and no
temperature drop occurs across the interface between T4
the materials A B C
𝑞𝑥 𝐿 𝐴 kA kB kC
𝑇 1 −𝑇 2= 1 2 3 4
𝑘𝐴 𝐴 LC
LA LB
𝑞 𝑥 𝐿𝐵
𝑇 2 −𝑇 3 =
𝑘𝐵 𝐴
𝑞 𝑥 𝐿𝐶
𝑇 3− 𝑇4=
𝑘𝐶 𝐴
 Heat Conduction Through a Composite
Wall
𝑞𝑥 𝐿 𝐴 𝑞 𝑥 𝐿𝐵 𝑞 𝑥 𝐿𝐶
𝑇 1 −𝑇 2= 𝑇 2 −𝑇 3 = 𝑇 3− 𝑇4=
𝑘𝐴 𝐴 𝑘𝐵 𝐴 𝑘𝐶 𝐴 T1
T2
𝑇 1 −𝑇 4 =𝑞 𝑥
𝐿𝐴
[+
𝐿𝐵
+
𝐿𝐶
𝑘 𝐴 𝐴 𝑘𝐵 𝐴 𝑘𝐶 𝐴 ] 𝑞𝑥
T3
𝑞𝑥

𝑞𝑥=
𝑇1− 𝑇 4 T4

[ 𝐿𝐴
+
𝐿𝐵
+
𝐿𝐶
𝑘 𝐴 𝐴 𝑘𝐵 𝐴 𝑘𝐶 𝐴 ] A
kA
B
kB
C
kC
1 2 3 4
𝑇 1− 𝑇4 LA LB LC
¿
[ 𝑅 𝑡h − 𝐴 + 𝑅𝑡h − 𝐵 + 𝑅 𝑡h− 𝐶 ] 𝑞𝑥 𝑞𝑥
For composite wall consists of n layers
𝑇 1 − 𝑇 ( 𝑛+1)
𝑞𝑥= 𝑛
𝐿
∑ 𝑘𝐴
1
 Heat Conduction Through a Composite
Wall
Parallel
Total heat transfer rate is the sum of the heatArrangement
transfers through each
layer 𝑇 1− 𝑇 2 𝑇 1− 𝑇2 Insulation
𝑞 𝑥 =𝑞1 +𝑞 2 ¿ +
𝑅1 𝑅2
A1 k1 1

( )
¿ ( 𝑇 1 −𝑇 2 )
1
+
1
𝑅1 𝑅2 T1
A2 k2 2
T2

¿ ( 𝑇 −𝑇 )
(𝑅 )
1
1
2
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

(𝑅 ) (𝑅 𝑅 )
1 1 1
( )
L
𝑤h𝑒𝑟𝑒 = + 𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑞1
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 1 2 𝑅 1+ 𝑅 2 𝑞𝑥 𝑞𝑥
𝑞2
𝑇 1 −𝑇 2
𝑞 𝑥=
𝑅 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 +
 Heat Conduction Through a Composite
Wall
Parallel
Arrangement
Total rate of heat transfer through the composite system Insulation

𝑇 1 −𝑇 ∞ A1 1 k1
𝑞 𝑥= 3
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
T1 A3
h, T∞
A2 k2
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑅 12 + 𝑅 3 + 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣
2 k3

𝑅 1 𝑅2 L1=L2 L3
¿ + 𝑅 3 + 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣
𝑅 1+ 𝑅 2
𝑞1
𝑞𝑥 𝑞𝑥
𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿3 1 𝑞2
𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 𝑅3 = 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 =
𝑘1 𝐴1 𝑘2 𝐴 2 𝑘3 𝐴3 h 𝐴3
 The Overall Heat-transfer
Coefficient
While dealing with the problems of fluid to fluid heat transfer across a metal
boundary, it is usual to adopt an overall heat transfer coefficient U Thf Cold
fluid
film

}{ }{ }
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 T1
h𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = h𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = h𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 hcf
𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑡h𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡h𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔h 𝑡h𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡h𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 q q

𝑞=hh𝑓 𝐴 ( 𝑇 h𝑓 −𝑇 1 ) 𝑇 1 −𝑇 2 hhf
𝑞=𝑘𝐴 𝑞=h𝑐𝑓 𝐴 ( 𝑇 2 −𝑇 𝑐𝑓 ) T2
𝐿 Hot
𝑞 𝑞 fluid
𝑞𝐿 Tcf
𝑇 h𝑓 −𝑇 1= 𝑇 1 −𝑇 2= 𝑇 2 −𝑇 𝑐𝑓 = film k
hh𝑓 𝐴 𝑘𝐴 h𝑐 𝑓 𝐴 1 2
L

[ ]
1 𝐿 1 𝐴 ( 𝑇 h𝑓 −𝑇 𝑐𝑓 )
𝑇 h𝑓 −𝑇 𝑐𝑓 =𝑞 + + 𝑞=
h h𝑓 𝐴 𝑘𝐴 h 𝑐𝑓 𝐴 1 𝐿 1
+ +
hh𝑓 𝑘 h 𝑐𝑓
𝑞=𝑈 A ( 𝑇 h𝑓 − 𝑇 𝑐𝑓 ) 1
wher 𝑒 𝑈 = 1 1 𝐿 1
1 𝐿 1 𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = = + + ( ℃ /W )
+ + 𝑈𝐴 hh𝑓 𝐴 𝑘𝐴 h𝑐𝑓 𝐴
h h𝑓 𝑘 h𝑐𝑓
 EXAMPLE: Heat Loss through a Single-Pane Window
Consider a 0.8-m-high and 1.5-m-wide glass window with a thickness of 8 mm and a thermal conductivity of k 0.78
W/m · °C. Determine the steady rate of heat transfer through this glass window and the temperature of its inner surface for
a day during which the room is maintained at 20°C while the temperature of the outdoors is 10°C. Take the heat transfer
coefficients on the inner and outer surfaces of the window to be h1 10 W/m2 · °C and h2 40 W/m2 · °C, which includes
the effects of radiation.

𝑅𝑖 =𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 .1 =
1
=
1
=0.08333 ℃ / 𝑊 𝐿 0.008
h1 𝐴 10 ×1.2 𝑅𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 =𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑= = =0.00855℃/𝑊
𝑘𝐴 0.78×1.2
1 1
𝑅0 =𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 .2 = = =0.02083 ℃ / 𝑊
h2 𝐴 40 × 1.2
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙=𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣.1+𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑+𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣.2=0.083 3+0.0 855+0.02083=0.1 27℃/𝑊
𝑇 ∞ 1 − 𝑇 ∞ 2 [ 20 − ( −10 ) ]
𝑞= = =266 𝑊
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 0.1127

𝑇 ∞ 1 − 𝑇 𝑖 [ 20 − 𝑇 𝑖 ]
𝑞= = =266 𝑊 𝑇 𝑖 =20 − ( 266 × 0.08333 )=− 2.2 ℃
𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 , 1 0.08333
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat conduction in a wall with heat generation

Consider plane wall with steady state 1D uniform heat generation per unit volume, .

Heat generation equation will be The general solution is

𝑑2 𝑇 𝑞 ˙ 𝑞
˙ 2
+ =0 𝑇 ( 𝑥 )=− 𝑥 +𝐶 1 𝑥 +𝐶 2 T1
𝑑𝑥 𝑘
2 2𝑘
T2
The constants are evaluated by the application of boundary conditions.

𝑇 2− 𝑇1 𝑞˙ 2 𝑇 1+𝑇 2
𝐶 1= 𝐶 2= 𝐿+
2𝐿 2𝑘 2

The temperature distribution is given The Dirichlet boundary conditions:

as: 𝑇 ( − 𝐿 )=𝑇 1 𝑇 ( 𝐿 )=𝑇 2
˙ 𝐿2
( )
𝑇 2 −𝑇 1 𝑥 𝑇 1+𝑇 2
2
𝑞 𝑥
𝑇 ( 𝑥 )= 1− 2 + +
2𝑘 𝐿 2 𝐿 2
 Steady State Heat Conduction 𝑇 ( 𝑥 )=
2𝑘(
˙ 𝐿2
𝑞
)
𝑥 2 𝑇 2 −𝑇 1 𝑥 𝑇 1+𝑇 2
1− 2 +
𝐿 2 𝐿
+
2

Heat conduction in a wall with heat generation

In case of symmetrical temperature distribution, T 1= T2= Ts, Equation becomes
˙ 𝐿2
( )
2
𝑞 𝑥
𝑇 ( 𝑥 )= 1 − 2 +𝑇 𝑠
2𝑘 𝐿
The maximum temperature exists at midplane, x = 0: ˙ 𝐿2
𝑞
𝑇 (0 )≡ 𝑇𝑜= +𝑇 𝑠
2𝑘

(
𝑑𝑇
At the plane of symmetry, the temperature gradient is zero,𝑑𝑥 )𝑥= 0
=0

No heat transfer across this plane, and it may be represented by the adiabatic surface
˙ 𝐿2
( )
2
𝑞 𝑥
𝑇 ( 𝑥 )= 1 − 2 +𝑇 𝑠
2𝑘 𝐿
Also applies to plane walls that are perfectly insulated on one side (x =0) and maintained at a
fixed temperature Ts on the other side (x =L).
The temperature equation in terms of T0 can be written as:

( )
𝑇 ( 𝑥 ) −𝑇 𝑜 𝑥
2
Normally, it is the temperature of an adjoining fluid, T∞, and not
=
𝑇 𝑠− 𝑇 𝑜 𝐿 Ts, which is known. It then becomes necessary to relate Ts to T∞
 Steady State Heat Conduction
(
˙ 𝐿2
)
2
𝑞 𝑥
𝑇 ( 𝑥 )= 1 − 2 +𝑇 𝑠
2𝑘 𝐿
Heat conduction in a wall with heat generation

( )
𝑇 ( 𝑥 ) −𝑇 𝑜 𝑥 2
= Normally, it is the temperature of an adjoining fluid, T∞, and not
𝑇 𝑠 −𝑇 ∞ 𝐿 Ts, which is known. It then becomes necessary to relate Ts to T∞

This relation may be developed by applying a surface energy balance at x=L

−𝑘 ¿ ¿
−𝑘 ¿ ¿
˙
𝑞𝐿
𝑇 𝑠=𝑇 ∞ +
h
 EXAMPLE
A plane wall is a composite of two materials, A and B. The wall of material A has uniform heat generation = 1.5x106
W/m3, kA =75 W/mK, and thickness LA = 50 mm. The wall material B has no generation with kB= 150 W/mK and
thickness LB = 20 mm. The inner surface of material A is well insulated, while the outer surface of material B is

cooled by a water stream with T ∞= 30°C and h= 1000 W/m2 K.

1. Sketch the temperature distribution that exists in the composite Assumptions:
under steady state conditions.
• Steady State
2. Determine the temperature T0 of the insulated surface and the temperature T2 ofconditions
the cooled surface.
• 1D conduction in x-direction

b) Adiabatic zero slope at insulated boundary

a) Parabolic in Material A “energy generation in plane
wall”
c) Linear in material B
d) Slope change = kB/kA= 2 at the interface and
 A B
qB qconv =
𝑞˙ 𝐿 𝐴 𝐴
q entering =0 q leaving (qB)= 0 + energy
(Adiabatic) generated per unit time
Control volume “A” Control volume “B”
˙ 𝐿 𝐴 𝐴 =𝑞 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 𝐵 =h𝐴 (𝑇 2 − 𝑇 ∞ )
𝑞
𝑞˙ 𝐿 𝐴 𝐴=h𝐴(𝑇 2 −𝑇 ∞ ) 𝑇 2 −𝑇 1
𝑇 2− 𝑇1 𝑞˙ 𝐿 𝐴 𝐴=−𝑘 𝐵 𝐴
𝑞 𝐵=−𝑘𝐵 𝐴 𝐿𝐵
𝑞˙ 𝐿 𝐴=h(𝑇 2 − 𝑇 ∞ ) 𝐿𝐵
𝑇 2 −𝑇 1
𝑞
˙ 𝐿𝐴 6 𝑞˙ 𝐿 𝐴=− 𝑘𝐵
1.5 × 10 × 0.05 𝐿𝐵
𝑇 2= +𝑇 ∞ = +30=105 ℃
h 1000
𝑞
˙ 𝐿 𝐴 𝐿𝐵 1.5 ×10 6 × 0.05 ×0.02
𝑇 1 =𝑇 2+ =105+ =115 ℃
𝑘𝐵 150
˙ 𝐿2
( )
2
˙ 𝐿
𝑞 𝑥
2 𝑞
𝑇 ( 𝑥 )= 1 − 2 +𝑇 𝑠 𝑇 ( 0 )=𝑇 𝑜= +𝑇 1
2𝑘 𝐿 2𝑘

1.5×10 6 ×0.05×0.05
𝑇 ( 0 )= 𝑇 𝑜 = +115=25+115=140℃
2×75
Cylinders (Heat Transfer)
 Steady State Heat
Conduction
Heat conduction through a Hollow Cylinder

Consider a long hollow cylindrical where Heat flows

Consider:
radially
• Two surfaces of the cylindrical layer are outwards • an element at radius ‘r’
maintained at constant temperatures T1 and T2, • thickness ‘dr’
• No heat generation, • ‘dT’ be the temperature
• Constant thermal conductivity, r2
• One-dimensional heat conduction. drop over the element
dr r1 No heat flow
in axial
Heat flows radially direction
outwards
r

T1 dT

T2
dr
 Steady State Heat
Conduction
Heat conduction through a Hollow Cylinder
Area through which heat is transmitted A = 2πrL Heat flows
radially
Path length = dr (over which temp fall is
outwards
dT) 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑇
𝑞=−𝑘𝐴 ¿ −𝑘 2 𝜋 𝑟𝐿 𝑞 =−𝑘 2 𝜋 𝐿𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑟 r2
𝑟2 𝑇2
𝑑𝑟
𝑞∫ =−𝑘 2𝜋 𝐿∫ 𝑑𝑇
dr r1 No heat flow
in axial
𝑟
𝑟1 𝑇 1
direction
r
𝑟2 𝑇2
𝑞 [ ln ( 𝑟 ) ] =− 𝑘2 𝜋 𝐿 [ 𝑇 ]
𝑟1 𝑇1
T1 dT

𝑞 ln
𝑟2
𝑟1 ( )
=−𝑘 2 𝜋 𝐿 ( 𝑇 2 − 𝑇 1 ) =𝑘2 𝜋 𝐿 ( 𝑇 1 −𝑇 2 )
dr
T2
 Steady State Heat
Conduction
Heat conduction through a Hollow Cylinder

( )
𝑟2 Heat flows
𝑞 ln =−𝑘 2 𝜋 𝐿 ( 𝑇 2 − 𝑇 1 ) =𝑘2 𝜋 𝐿 ( 𝑇 1 −𝑇 2 ) radially
𝑟1 outwards

𝑘2 𝜋 𝐿 ( 𝑇 1 − 𝑇 2 ) ( 𝑇 1 −𝑇 2 ) r2
𝑞= ¿
ln ( 𝑟 2 /𝑟 1 )
[
ln ( 𝑟 2 / 𝑟 1 )
2 𝜋 𝑘𝐿 ] dr r1 No heat flow
in axial
direction
ln ( 𝑟 2 / 𝑟 1 ) r
𝑅𝑐𝑦𝑙 =
2 𝜋 𝑘𝐿
T1 dT
ln ( 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 / 𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 )
¿
2 𝜋 (𝑡h𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 ) ( 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡h )
T2
dr
 Steady State Heat
Conduction
Temperature distribution in a Hollow Cylinder

𝑘2 𝜋 𝐿 ( 𝑇 1 − 𝑇 2 ) 𝑘 2 𝜋 𝐿 ( 𝑇 − 𝑇 2)
𝑞= ¿
ln ( 𝑟 2 /𝑟 1 ) ln ( 𝑟 2 /𝑟 )

¿
( 𝑇 1 − 𝑇 2 ) ( 𝑇 −𝑇 2 )
=
ln ( 𝑟 2 / 𝑟 1 ) ln ( 𝑟 2 /𝑟 )
𝑇=
[
( 𝑇1 −𝑇 2)
ln ( 𝑟 2 / 𝑟 1) ]
× ln ( 𝑟 2 /𝑟 ) +𝑇 2

𝑇 =¿ 𝑇 =¿
𝑇 =¿ 𝑇=
[
( 𝑇 1 −𝑇 2 )
ln ( 𝑟 1 / 𝑟 2) ]
× ln ( 𝑟 /𝑟 2 ) +𝑇 2
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat conduction through a Composite Cylinder Cold Fluid (air)
Tcf
𝑞=hh𝑓 .2 𝜋 𝑟 1 𝐿.( 𝑇 h𝑓 − 𝑇 1 ) 𝑞
𝑇 h𝑓 −𝑇 1= q
hh𝑓 .2 𝜋 𝑟 1 𝐿
B
hcf
A
𝑘 𝐴 .2 𝜋 𝐿 ( 𝑇 1 − 𝑇 2 ) 𝑞
𝑇 1 −𝑇 2=
¿ 𝑘 𝐴 .2 𝜋 𝐿
ln ⁡(𝑟 2 / 𝑟 1 )
ln ⁡( 𝑟 2 / 𝑟 1)
hhf
Thf T1 T2 T3 Tcf
𝑘 𝐵 .2 𝜋 𝐿 ( 𝑇 2 −𝑇 3 ) 𝑞 Hot Fluid
𝑇 2 −𝑇 3 =
¿ 𝑘𝐵 .2 𝜋 𝐿
ln ⁡(𝑟 3 / 𝑟 2)
ln ⁡(𝑟 3 / 𝑟 2)

𝑞
¿ h𝑐𝑓 .2 𝜋 𝑟 3 𝐿.(𝑇 3 −𝑇 𝑐𝑓 ) 𝑇 3 − 𝑇 𝑐𝑓 =
h𝑐𝑓 .2 𝜋 𝑟 3 𝐿
r1
r2
r3
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat conduction through a Composite Cylinder
𝑞 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞
𝑇 h𝑓 −𝑇 1= 𝑇 1 −𝑇 2= 𝑇 2 −𝑇 3 = 𝑇 3 − 𝑇 𝑐𝑓 =
hh𝑓 .2 𝜋 𝑟 1 𝐿 𝑘 𝐴 .2 𝜋 𝐿 𝑘𝐵 .2 𝜋 𝐿 h𝑐𝑓 .2 𝜋 𝑟 3 𝐿
ln ⁡( 𝑟 2 / 𝑟 1) ln ⁡(𝑟 3 / 𝑟 2)

[ ]
𝑞 1 1 1 1 2 𝜋 𝐿 (𝑇 h𝑓 −𝑇 𝑐𝑓 )
𝑇 h𝑓 −𝑇 𝑐𝑓 = + + + 𝑞=
2 𝜋 𝐿 hh𝑓 . 𝑟 1 𝑘𝐴 𝑘𝐵 h 𝑐𝑓 . 𝑟 3 1 1 1 1
+ + +
h h𝑓 .𝑟 1 𝑘𝐴 𝑘𝐵 h𝑐𝑓 .𝑟 3
ln ⁡(𝑟 2 / 𝑟 1) ln ⁡(𝑟 3 / 𝑟 2 )
ln ⁡(𝑟 2 / 𝑟 1 ) ln ⁡(𝑟 3 / 𝑟 2)
2 𝜋 𝐿 (𝑇 h𝑓 −𝑇 𝑐𝑓 )
𝑞=
1 ln ⁡(𝑟 2 / 𝑟 1) ln ⁡(𝑟 3 /𝑟 2) 1
+ + +
h h𝑓 .𝑟 1 𝑘𝐴 𝑘𝐵 h 𝑐𝑓 . 𝑟 3

(𝑇 h𝑓 −𝑇 𝑐𝑓 ) 𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 =𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 , h𝑓 + 𝑅 𝑐𝑦𝑙 , 𝐴 + 𝑅 𝑐𝑦𝑙 , 𝐵 + 𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 , 𝑐𝑓

𝑞=
𝑅 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
1 ln ⁡(𝑟 2 /𝑟 1 ) ln ⁡(𝑟 3 /𝑟 2 ) 1
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = + + +
hh𝑓 .2 𝜋 𝐿𝑟 1 2 𝜋 𝐿𝑘 𝐴 2 𝜋 𝐿𝑘𝐵 h𝑐𝑓 . 2 𝜋 𝐿𝑟 3
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat conduction through a Cylinder with Energy Generation

Heat diffusion Equation: Cylindrical Co-ordinates

Consider a long cylinder with steady state 1D uniform heat generation per unit volume, with constant thermal conductivity

1 𝑑
𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝑟(𝑑𝑇 𝑞˙
+ =0
𝑑𝑟 𝑘 )
𝑑
𝑟 ( )
𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝑞˙
=− 𝑟
𝑘 (
𝑑 𝑟
𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑟 ) 𝑞˙
=− 𝑟𝑑𝑟
𝑘
𝑟
𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑟
=−
𝑞˙ 2
2𝑘
𝑟 +𝐶 1

𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑟
=−
𝑞˙
2𝑘
𝑟+
𝐶1
𝑟 𝑑𝑇 = −
2𝑘(
𝑞˙
𝑟+
𝐶1
𝑟
𝑑𝑟 ) 𝑇 (𝑟 )= −( 𝑞˙ 2
4𝑘
𝑟 + 𝐶1 ln ( 𝑟 ) +𝐶 2 )
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat conduction through a Cylinder with Energy Generation

(
𝑇 (𝑟 )= −
𝑞˙ 2
4𝑘
𝑟 + 𝐶1 ln ( 𝑟 ) +𝐶 2 ) 𝐵𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 :
𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑟 |
𝑟 =0
=0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 ( 𝑟 𝑜 )=𝑇 𝑠

𝑑𝑇 𝑞˙ 𝐶1
=− 𝑟+ Placing f 𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶 1=0
𝑑𝑟 2𝑘 𝑟

𝑞˙ 2
Placing 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶 2= 𝑟 +𝑇 𝑠
4𝑘 𝑜

( )
˙ 𝑟 2𝑜
𝑞 𝑟
2
𝑇 (𝑟 )= 1 − 2 +𝑇 𝑠
4𝑘 𝑟𝑜

˙ 𝑟 2𝑜
𝑞 𝑞˙ 𝑟 2𝑜
𝐴𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑟 =0 ; 𝑇 ( 0 ) =𝑇 𝑜= +𝑇 𝑠 𝑇 𝑜 − 𝑇 𝑠=
4𝑘 4𝑘

( )
𝑇 ( 𝑟 ) −𝑇 𝑠
( )
2 2
𝑟 𝑟
𝑇 ( 𝑟 ) −𝑇 𝑠 =𝑇 𝑜 − 𝑇 𝑠 1− 2 = 1− 2
𝑟𝑜 𝑇 𝑜− 𝑇 𝑠 𝑟𝑜 𝑞˙ 𝑟 𝑜
𝑇 𝑠= +𝑇 ∞
2h
Spheres (Heat Transfer)
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat conduction through a hollow sphere
Area through which the heat is transmitted, A = 4πr2
𝑟2 𝑇2
𝑑𝑇 2 𝑑𝑟 q (Heat flows Hollow Sphere
𝑞=−𝑘 . 4 𝜋 𝑟 .
𝑑𝑟 𝑞∫ 2
=− 4 𝜋 𝑘∫ 𝑑𝑇 radially
𝑟1 𝑟 𝑇 1 outwards, T1>T2
Element
r2

[ ]
1
( 1
)
− 2+1 𝑟2
𝑟 𝑇 −𝑞 − =− 4 𝜋 𝑘 ( 𝑇 2 − 𝑇 1 )
𝑞 =− 4 𝜋 𝑘 [ 𝑇 ] 𝑇
2
𝑟 2 𝑟1 r
−2+1 𝑟 1 dr
1

r1
𝑞 (𝑟 2 − 𝑟 1 ) T1 T2
=4 𝜋 𝑘 ( 𝑇 1 −𝑇 2 )
𝑟1𝑟 2
4 𝜋 𝑘𝑟 1 𝑟 2 ( 𝑇 1 −𝑇 2 )
𝑞=
( 𝑟 2 −𝑟 1 )
( 𝑇 1 −𝑇 2 )
𝑞=

[ ( 𝑟 2 −𝑟 1 )
4 𝜋 𝑘 𝑟1𝑟 2 ] 𝑅 𝑆𝑝h𝑒𝑟𝑒 =
(𝑟 2− 𝑟1)
4 𝜋 𝑘𝑟 1 𝑟 2
=
(𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 − 𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠)
4 𝜋 ( 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 ) (𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 ) (𝑡h𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 )
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Temperature distribution in a hollow sphere

−𝑞
1
(−
1
𝑟 2 𝑟1 )
=− 4 𝜋 𝑘 ( 𝑇 2 − 𝑇 1 ) 𝑞
1
(−
1
𝑟1 𝑟2 )
=4 𝜋 𝑘 ( 𝑇 1 −𝑇 2 )

(𝑇 1− 𝑇 2) ¿ 4 𝜋 𝑘 (𝑇 1− 𝑇 ) ( 𝑇 1 − 𝑇 2) ( 𝑇 1 − 𝑇 ) 𝑟1𝑟 2 𝑟 −𝑟1
𝑞=4 𝜋 𝑘 = (𝑇 1 − 𝑇 2 ) × × =( 𝑇 1 − 𝑇 )
( 1
−
1
𝑟1 𝑟 2 ) ( 1
−
𝑟1 𝑟
1
) (𝑟 2 − 𝑟 1)
𝑟1 𝑟2
( 𝑟 −𝑟 1 )
𝑟1 𝑟
𝑟 2− 𝑟1 𝑟1 𝑟

[
𝑇 =𝑇 1 − ( 𝑇 1 −𝑇 2 ) ×
𝑟 1𝑟2
𝑟 2 −𝑟 1
×
𝑟 − 𝑟1
𝑟1𝑟 ] 𝑇 =𝑇 1 − ¿ Dividing by

𝑇 =𝑇 1 − ¿ Dividing by

[
𝑇 =𝑇 1 − ( 𝑇 1 − 𝑇 2 ) ×
( 1− (𝑟 1 / 𝑟 ) )
( 1 − ( 𝑟 1 /𝑟 2 ) ) ]
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat conduction through a composite sphere Cold Fluid (air)
Tcf
𝑞
𝑞=hh𝑓 .4 𝜋 𝑟 12 .(𝑇 h𝑓 −𝑇 1) 𝑇 h𝑓 −𝑇 1= 2
q
hh𝑓 .4 𝜋 𝑟 1 B
hcf
4 𝜋 𝑘 𝐴 𝑟 1 𝑟 2 ( 𝑇 1 −𝑇 2 ) 𝑞 ( 𝑟 2 −𝑟 1 ) A
¿ 𝑇 1 −𝑇 2=
( 𝑟 2 −𝑟 1 ) 4 𝜋 𝑘𝐴 𝑟1 𝑟2

hhf
4 𝜋 𝑘𝐵 𝑟 2 𝑟 3 ( 𝑇 2 −𝑇 3 ) 𝑞 (𝑟 3− 𝑟 2) Thf T1 T2 T3 Tcf
¿ 𝑇 2 −𝑇 3 = Hot Fluid
( 𝑟 3 −𝑟 2 ) 4 𝜋 𝑘𝐵 𝑟 2 𝑟 3

𝑞
¿ h𝑐𝑓 .4 𝜋 𝑟 32 .(𝑇 3 − 𝑇 𝑐𝑓 ) 𝑇 3 − 𝑇 𝑐𝑓 = 2
h𝑐𝑓 .4 𝜋 𝑟 3

r1
r2
r3
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat conduction through a Composite Sphere

𝑞 𝑞 ( 𝑟 2 −𝑟 1 ) 𝑞 (𝑟 3− 𝑟 2) 𝑞
𝑇 h𝑓 −𝑇 1= 2 𝑇 1 −𝑇 2= 𝑇 2 −𝑇 3 = 𝑇 3 − 𝑇 𝑐𝑓 = 2
hh𝑓 .4 𝜋 𝑟 1 4 𝜋 𝑘𝐴 𝑟1 𝑟2 4 𝜋 𝑘𝐵 𝑟 2 𝑟 3 h𝑐𝑓 .4 𝜋 𝑟 3

𝑇 h𝑓 − 𝑇 𝑐𝑓 =
𝑞 1
[ +
(𝑟 2 − 𝑟 1 ) (𝑟 3 − 𝑟 2 )
+ +
1
4 𝜋 hh𝑓 . 𝑟 12 𝑘 𝐴 𝑟 1 𝑟 2 𝑘𝐵 𝑟 2 𝑟 3 h 𝑐𝑓 . 𝑟 3 2 ]
4 𝜋 ( 𝑇 h𝑓 − 𝑇 𝑐𝑓 )
𝑞=

[ 1
+
( 𝑟 2 − 𝑟 1 ) ( 𝑟 3 −𝑟 2 )
+ +
1
h h𝑓 .𝑟 12 𝑘 𝐴 𝑟 1 𝑟 2 𝑘𝐵 𝑟 2 𝑟 3 h𝑐𝑓 . 𝑟 32 ]
(𝑇 h𝑓 −𝑇 𝑐𝑓 ) 𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 =𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 , h𝑓 + 𝑅 𝑠𝑝h , 𝐴+ 𝑅𝑠𝑝h , 𝐵+ 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 ,𝑐𝑓
𝑞=
𝑅 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
1 (𝑟 2− 𝑟 1) (𝑟 3 − 𝑟 2 ) 1
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = + + +
hh𝑓 . 4 𝜋 𝑟 1 4 𝜋 𝑘 𝐴 𝑟 1 𝑟 2 4 𝜋 𝑘 𝐵 𝑟 2 𝑟 3 h 𝑐𝑓 .4 𝜋 𝑟 3
2 2
 EXAMPLE Heat Transfer to a Spherical Container
A 3-m internal diameter spherical tank made of 2-cm-thick stainless steel (k 15 W/m · °C) is used to store iced water at T1
0°C. The tank is located in a room whose temperature is T∞2 22°C. The walls of the room are also at 22°C. The outer
surface of the tank is black and heat transfer between the outer surface of the tank and the surroundings is by natural
convection and radiation. The convection heat transfer coefficients at the inner and the outer surfaces of the tank are h1 80
W/m2 · °C and h2 10 W/m2 · °C, respectively. Determine
(a) the rate of heat transfer to the iced water in the tank (b) the amount of ice at 0°C that melts during a 24-h period.
Note: It takes 333.7 kJ of energy to melt 1kg ice at 0°C
𝐴 1=4 𝜋 𝑟 12=𝜋 𝐷 21= 𝜋 3 2=28.3 𝑚 2 𝐴 2=4 𝜋 𝑟 22= 𝜋 𝐷 22= 𝜋 3.042 =2 9.0 𝑚2

h𝑟𝑎𝑑 ≡𝜖𝜎 ( 𝑇 𝑠 +𝑇 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 ) ( 𝑇 𝑠+ 𝑇 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 ) ( 𝑊 /𝑚 . 𝐾 )

2 2 2

T2 is not known therefore we start with an assumption for T 2 and later on validate the accuracy of
our assumption.
T2 must be between 0°C and 22°C and it should be close to 0°C, since heat transfer coefficient within
the tank is considerably higher. Therefor assuming the T 2 value as 5 °C
h𝑟𝑎𝑑 = ( 1 ) ( 5.67 × 10−8 ) ( 278+ 2 95 ) ( 2782 +2952 ) =5.34 𝑊 / 𝑚2 . 𝐾

1 1 ( 𝑟 2 −𝑟 1 ) 1.52−1.50
𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 ,𝑖 = =
h1 𝐴1 80 × 28.3
=0.000442 ℃ /𝑊 𝑅 𝑆𝑝h𝑒𝑟𝑒= = =0.000047℃/𝑊
4 𝜋 𝑘𝑟 1 𝑟 2 4 𝜋 1×15×1.52×1.50
1 1
𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 ,𝑜 = = =0.00345 ℃ /𝑊 1 1
h2 𝐴2 10 ×29 𝑅𝑟𝑎𝑑 = = =0.00646 ℃/ 𝑊
h 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝐴 2 5.34 ×29
 EXAMPLE Heat Transfer to a Spherical
Container
Parallel resistances can be replaced by equivalent resistance as follows:
1 1 1 1 1
= + = + =444.7 𝑊 / ℃
𝑅 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑣 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 ,𝑜 𝑅 𝑟𝑎𝑑 0.00345 0.00646

𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙=𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣,𝑖+𝑅𝑆𝑝h𝑒𝑟𝑒 +𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑣 =0.000442+0.000047+0.00225=0.00274℃/𝑊

𝑇∞ 2− 𝑇∞ 1 22− 0
𝑞= = =8029 𝑊
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 0.00274

Verification of our assumption

𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 h𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 24 h𝑟𝑠=𝑞 ∆ 𝑡 =8029 × ( 24 ×3600 𝑠 ) =673700 𝑘𝐽

673,300
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑐𝑒= =2079𝑘𝑔
333.7
Critical Radius for
Insulation
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Critical Radius of Insulation
Adding more insulation to a wall always decreases heat transfer

Adding insulation to a cylindrical pipe or a spherical shell, however, is a different matter- WHY???

Adding insulation increases Conduction Resistance of the insulation layer but decreases the Convection
Resistance of the surface because of the increase in the outer surface area for convection
k
Heat Transfer from the pipe may increase or decrease, depending on which
r1 Rins Rconv
effect dominates
T1 T∞
A cylindrical pipe of outer radius r1 whose outer surface temperature T1 h
is maintained constant Insulation r2
o Pipe is covered with an insulator (k and r2)
o Convection heat transfer at T∞ and h

Rate of heat transfer from insulated pipe to the surrounding air: 𝑞=

𝑇 1− 𝑇 ∞ 𝑇 1− 𝑇 ∞
𝑅 𝑖𝑛𝑠 + 𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 ¿
ln ⁡¿ ¿ ¿
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Critical Radius of Insulation

Rate of heat transfer from insulated pipe to the surrounding air:

𝑇 1− 𝑇 ∞ 𝑇 1 −𝑇 ∞
𝑞= =
𝑅 𝑖𝑛𝑠 + 𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 ln ⁡¿ ¿ ¿
Variation of the heat transfer rate with the outer radius of the insulation r2 is shown

it is evident that as r2 increases, the factor ln(r2/r1)/k increases but the factor 1/hr2
decreases
q
value of r2 at which q reaches a maximum is determined by:

𝑑
𝑑𝑟 2
=¿
1 1 1
𝑘 𝑟2 h
1
. + − 2 =0
𝑟2 ( ) qmax
qbare

( )
1 1 1 1 𝑘
. = 𝑟 2=𝑟 𝑐 =
𝑘 𝑟 2 h 𝑟 22 h 0 r1 rcr=k/h r2
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Critical Radius of Insulation
𝑘
𝑟 𝑐𝑟 , 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = (𝑚) represents condition for minimum resistance and consequently maximum heat flow
h
rate
Insulation radius at which resistance to heat flow is minimum is called the ‘Critical Radius’
Critical Radius rc is dependent on the thermal quantities k and h and is independent of r1 (i.e., cylinder
radius)
Critical Radius rcr will be largest when k is large and h is small

Lowest value of h encountered in practice is about 5 W/m2·°C for the case of natural convection of gases, and
k of common insulating materials is about 0.05 W/m2·°C

Critical Radius would be much less in forced convection, often less than 1 mm, because of much larger h
values associated with forced convection
 EXAMPLE Heat Loss from an Insulated Electric Wire
A 3-mm-diameter and 5-m-long electric wire is tightly wrapped with a 2-mm thick plastic cover whose thermal conductivity is
k 0.15 W/m · °C. Electrical measurements indicate that a current of 10 A passes through the wire and there is a voltage drop of
8 V along the wire. If the insulated wire is exposed to a medium at T 30°C with a heat transfer coefficient of h 12 W/m2 · °C,
determine the temperature at the interface of the wire and the plastic cover in steady operation. Also determine whether doubling
the thickness of the plastic cover will increase or decrease this interface temperature.
1 1
𝑞=𝑉𝐼=8 ×10=80 𝑊 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = = =0.76 ℃/ 𝑊
h 𝐴2 12 × 0.110
q
ln ⁡(𝑟 2 / 𝑟 1 ) ln ⁡(3.5 /1.5)
𝑅𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 = = =0.18 ℃ / 𝑊 𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 0.76+0.18=0.94 ℃/ 𝑊
2 𝜋 𝐿𝑘 2 𝜋 (5)(0.15)

𝑇1− 𝑇 ∞
𝑞= 𝑇 1 =𝑞 𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 + 𝑇 ∞ = 80 ( 0.94 )+ 30= 105℃
𝑅 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
q

𝑘 0.15
𝑟 𝑐𝑟 = = =12.5 𝑚𝑚 ≫5.5 𝑚𝑚 (2× 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 )
h 12
represents condition for minimum resistance, which means increasing the plastic cover thickness
will decrease the thermal resistance until the goes beyond 12.5mm
𝑇1− 𝑇 ∞
𝑞=
𝑅 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
 EXTENDED
SURFACES (FINS)
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces

Heat Transfer from a surface at a temperature Ts to the surrounding medium at T∞ is given by Newton’s Law of
cooling:
𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = h 𝐴 𝑠 ( 𝑇 𝑠 − 𝑇 ∞ ) (𝑊 )

When temperatures Ts and T∞ are fixed by design considerations, there are two ways to increase the rate of heat
transfer:
• to increase the convection heat transfer coefficient h or
• to increase the surface area As
Increasing h may require installation of a pump or fan, or replacing the existing one with a larger one, which
may or may not be practical or adequate

Alternative is to increase the surface area As by attaching to the

surface extended surfaces called Fins made of highly
Conductive Materials such as Aluminum
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces

Fin applications
• Cooling engine heads on motorcycles
• Cooling of electric power transformer
• To promote heat exchange between air
and working fluid in air conditioner

Fin configurations
• Straight fin
• Annular fin
• Pin fin
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces

A General Conduction Analysis of Fin

Assumptions

• 1-dimensional conduction in the longitudinal (x-) direction

• Steady operation with no heat generation in the fin

• Constant thermal conductivity k of the material

• Temperature changes in the transverse direction

within the fin are small compared with the
temperature difference between the fin and the
environment
• Radiation from the surface is negligible and that the
convection heat transfer coefficient h is uniform
over the surface
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces

{ } { } { }
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 h𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 h𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 h𝑒𝑎𝑡
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 ¿ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡h𝑒 + 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚
𝑡h𝑒𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑥+ 𝑑𝑥 𝑡h𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑞𝑥 ¿ 𝑞 𝑥+𝑑𝑥 Ac: Cross-sectional Area, which

+𝑑𝑞 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣
may vary with x
𝑑𝑇 𝑑 𝑞𝑥 𝑑 𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 =h 𝑑 𝐴 𝑠 ( 𝑇 𝑠 −𝑇 ∞ )
𝑞 𝑥 =−𝑘 𝐴 𝑐 𝑞 𝑥+𝑑𝑥 =𝑞 𝑥 +
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑇 𝑑 𝑑𝑇
𝑞 𝑥+𝑑𝑥=− 𝑘 𝐴𝑐 −𝑘 ( 𝐴𝑐 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

0=−𝑘
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
𝐴𝑐(𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥+ h 𝑑 𝐴 𝑠 ( 𝑇 𝑠 − 𝑇 ∞ )
𝑑
𝑑𝑥 (
𝐴𝑐 − )
𝑑𝑇 h 𝑑 𝐴𝑠
𝑑𝑥 𝑘 𝑑𝑥
( 𝑇 𝑠 −𝑇 ∞ )=0

(
1 𝑑𝐴 𝑐 𝑑 𝑇
)
1 h 𝑑 𝐴𝑠
( )
2

( )
𝑑 𝑇 𝑑𝐴𝑐 𝑑 𝑇 h 𝑑 𝐴 𝑠 𝑑 𝑇
2
𝐴𝑐
𝑑𝑥
2
+ −
𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑥 𝑘 𝑑𝑥
( 𝑇 𝑠 −𝑇 ∞ )=0 2
+
𝐴 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑥
−
𝐴𝑐 𝑘 𝑑𝑥
( 𝑇 𝑠 − 𝑇 ∞ ) =0
𝑑𝑥
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces
Fins of Uniform Cross-Sectional Area
Fin is attached to a base surface of temperature T(0) = Tb and extends into a fluid of
temperature T∞

(
1 𝑑𝐴 𝑐 𝑑 𝑇
) (
1 h 𝑑 𝐴𝑠
)
2
𝑑 𝑇
2
+
𝐴 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑥
−
𝐴𝑐 𝑘 𝑑𝑥
( 𝑇 𝑠 − 𝑇 ∞ ) =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝐴 𝑐 / 𝑑𝑥=0

𝑑2 𝑇
𝑑𝑥
2
−
(
1 h 𝑑 𝐴𝑠
𝐴 𝑐 𝑘 𝑑𝑥
( )
𝑇 𝑠 − 𝑇 ∞ )=0

𝐴𝑠 =𝑃 x 𝑑 𝐴𝑠
=𝑃
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑇
𝑑𝑥
2
−
h𝑃
𝑘 𝐴𝑐( )
( 𝑇 𝑠 − 𝑇 ∞ )=0
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces
Fins of Uniform Cross-Sectional Area
To simplify the form of this equation, we transform the dependent variable by defining an excess temperature as:
𝜃 ( 𝑥 ) ≡ 𝑇 ( 𝑥 ) −𝑇 ∞ since T∞ is a constant, dθ/dx = dT/dx

𝑑2 𝑇
𝑑𝑥
2
−
( )
h𝑃
𝑘 𝐴𝑐
( 𝑇 𝑠 − 𝑇 ∞ )=0
𝑑2 𝜃
𝑑𝑥
2
2 2
− 𝑚 𝜃 =0 𝑤h𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑚 ≡
h𝑃
𝑘𝐴 𝑐

Eq. is a linear, homogeneous, second-order differential equation with constant coefficients

General solution is of the form: 𝜃 ( 𝑥 )= 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝐶 2 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥

Appropriate Boundary Conditions are required to evaluate

constants C1 and C2
One Boundary condition at fin base: 𝜃 ( 0 )= 𝜃 𝑏=𝑇 𝑏 −𝑇 ∞
54
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces
Fins of Uniform Cross-Sectional Area
Appropriate Boundary Conditions are required to evaluate
constants C1 and C2
One Boundary condition at fin base: 𝜃 ( 0 )= 𝜃 𝑏=𝑇 𝑏 −𝑇 ∞

Second Boundary condition, specified at the fin tip (x =

L), may correspond to one of four different physical
situations
At the tip of fin, boundary condition can be of four type.

 Convection heat transfer.

 Adiabatic.
 Prescribed temperature.
 Infinite fin length.
 𝜃 ( 0 )= 𝜃 𝑏=𝑇 𝑏 −𝑇 ∞
Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces
1- First type of boundary condition considers convection at the fin tip

h 𝐴𝑐 [ 𝑇 ( 𝐿) −𝑇 ∞ ] =−𝑘 𝐴𝑐
𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑥 |𝑥= 𝐿
h 𝜃(𝐿)=−𝑘
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑥 | 𝑥= 𝐿

Substituting the fin base

𝜃 𝑏= 𝐶 1+ 𝐶 2 ①
and fin tip boundary conditions

h (𝐶 1 𝑒 ) = 𝑘𝑚 ( 𝐶 2 𝑒 −𝑚 𝐿 − 𝐶 1 𝑒𝑚 𝐿 ) ②
𝑚𝐿 −𝑚𝐿
+ 𝐶2 𝑒 Temperature distribution

Solving ①and ②for C1 and C2 and plugging in the θ(x) equation:

𝜃( 𝑥) cosh 𝑚 ( 𝐿− 𝑥 )+ ( h/ 𝑚𝑘 ) sinh 𝑚( 𝐿 − 𝑥)
=
𝜃𝑏 cosh 𝑚𝐿+¿ ( h /𝑚𝑘 ) sinh 𝑚𝐿 ¿
𝜃 ( 𝑥 )= 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝐶 2 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces
1- First type of boundary condition considers convection at the fin tip
The fin heat transfer rate can be determined using Fourier's law:

𝑞 𝑓 =𝑞 𝑏 =−𝑘 𝐴𝑐
𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑥 |𝑥=0
=−𝑘 𝐴𝑐
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑥 |𝑥= 0

Hence the expression for fin heat transfer rate from temperature
Distribution is as follows:

sinh 𝑚𝐿+ ( h / 𝑚𝑘 ) cosh 𝑚𝐿

𝑞 𝑓 = √ h𝑃𝑘 𝐴 𝑐 𝜃𝑏
cosh 𝑚𝐿+¿ ( h /𝑚𝑘 ) sinh 𝑚𝐿¿
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces

2- Adiabatic boundary condition

The adiabatic boundary condition assumes negligible heat loss from fin tip:
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑥 |𝑥= 𝐿
=0

Substituting the fin base

𝜃 𝑏= 𝐶 1+ 𝐶 2 ① Solving ①and ②for C1 and C2 and plugging
in the θ(x) equation
and fin tip boundary conditions

𝐶 1 𝑒 𝑚 𝐿 −𝐶 2 𝑒 −𝑚 𝐿= 0 ② 𝜃( 𝑥) cosh 𝑚( 𝐿− 𝑥 )
=
𝜃𝑏 cosh 𝑚𝐿

The fin heat transfer rate from temperature distribution:

𝑞 𝑓 = √ h𝑃𝑘 𝐴𝑐 𝜃𝑏 tanh𝑚𝐿
𝜃 ( 𝑥 )= 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝐶 2 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces

3- Prescribed temperature boundary condition

The constant temperature boundary condition is concerned with prescribed temperature at the fin tip.
The boundary condition at fin tip 𝜃 ( 𝐿 )=𝜃 𝐿

Substituting the fin base Solving ①and ②for C1 and C2 and plugging in the θ(x)
𝜃 𝑏= 𝐶 1+ 𝐶 2 ① equation (temperature distribution)

and fin tip boundary conditions

𝜃 ( 𝑥) ( 𝜃 𝐿 / 𝜃𝑏 ) sinh 𝑚𝐿+sinh 𝑚( 𝐿− 𝑥 )
𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝐿
+𝐶 2 𝑒 − 𝑚𝐿
=𝜃 𝐿 ② =
𝜃𝑏 si 𝑛h 𝑚𝐿

The fin heat transfer rate from temperature distribution:

cosh 𝑚𝐿 − ( 𝜃 𝐿 / 𝜃𝑏 )
𝑞 𝑓 = √ h𝑃𝑘 𝐴 𝑐 𝜃 𝑏
sinh 𝑚𝐿 𝜃 ( 𝑥 )= 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝐶 2 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces

4- Infinite fin length boundary

The Infinite fin length boundary condition is concerned with very long fin (L= ∞).
The boundary condition at Fin tip: q

Substituting the fin base Solving ①and ②for C1 and C2 and plugging in the θ(x)
𝜃 𝑏= 𝐶 1+ 𝐶 2 ① equation (temperature distribution)

and fin tip boundary conditions 𝜃( 𝑥) − 𝑚𝑥

=𝑒
𝐶 2 𝑒− 𝑚 ∞ − 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚 ∞ =0 ② 𝜃𝑏

The fin heat transfer rate from temperature distribution:

𝑞 𝑓 = √ h𝑃𝑘 𝐴𝑐 𝜃𝑏
𝜃 ( 𝑥 )= 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝐶 2 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces

Summarized Table
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Fin Performance Parameters: Fin Effectiveness
Fin effectiveness (ɛf): The ratio of the fin heat transfer rate to the heat transfer rate that
would exist without the fin 𝑇𝑏 𝑞𝑓
𝑞𝑓 𝑞𝑓
𝜀𝑓 = = 𝐴𝑏
h 𝐴𝑏 ( 𝑇 𝑏 − 𝑇 ∞ ) h 𝐴𝑏 𝜃 𝑏
Where Ab is the cross-sectional area of the base.

Fin resistance can be defined as 𝑇𝑏

𝑞𝑛𝑜 𝑓 𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑏
𝜃𝑏
𝑅𝑡 , 𝑓 =
𝑞𝑓
1
Thermal resistance due to convection at the exposed 𝑅𝑡 ,𝑏 =
base h 𝐴𝑏

𝑅𝑡, 𝑏
Fin effectiveness can be written as 𝜀𝑓 =
𝑅𝑡, 𝑓
 Steady State Heat Conduction
Fin Performance Parameters: Fin Efficiency
Fin Efficiency:
The ratio of fin heat transfer rate to the maximum heat transfer rate that would exist if entire fin is at base temperature.

𝑞 𝑓𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 h𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡h𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛

𝜼 𝑓𝑖𝑛=
𝑞 𝑓𝑖𝑛 , 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 h𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡h𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛
𝑖𝑓 𝑡h𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

Qfin,max represents idealized situation i.e., fin is made up of material with

infinite thermal conductivity

𝑞𝑓 𝑞𝑓 𝑞𝑓
𝜼𝑓 = = =
𝑞 𝑚𝑎𝑥 h 𝐴𝑓 ( 𝑇𝑏 −𝑇 ∞ ) h 𝐴𝑓 𝜃𝑏

Af is the surface area of the fin

A very long rod of 5-mm diameter and uniform thermal conductivity k 25 W/m K is subjected to a heat treatment process.
The center, 30-mm-long portion of the rod within the induction heating coil experiences uniform volumetric heat
generation of 7.5x106 W/m3.
The unheated portions of the rod, which protrude from the heating coil on either side, experience convection with the ambient
air at T 20C and h 10 W/m2K.
( )
2 2
Assume that there is no convection from the surface of the rod within the coil. ˙
𝑞 𝐿 𝑥
𝑇 ( 𝑥 )= 1 − 2 +𝑇 𝑠
2𝑘 𝐿
Calculate the steady-state temperature To of the rod at the midpoint of the heated portion in the coil.
Calculate the temperature of the rod Tb at the edge of the heated portion.

˙ 𝐿2
𝑞
𝑇 ( 0 )=𝑇 𝑜= +𝑇 𝑏
2𝑘
𝑇𝑜
𝑞˙ ( 𝜋 𝑟 𝐿 )
2
𝑇𝑏 𝑇∞
𝑞˙ ( 𝜋 𝑟 𝐿 )= √ h𝑃𝑘 𝐴 𝑐 ( 𝑇 𝑏 −𝑇 ∞ ) 𝑇 𝑏= +𝑇 ∞
2
𝑞˙ Fin of infinite length √ h𝑃𝑘 𝐴𝑐
15mm
x
Case 4 for Fins (Infinite length) (7.5 ×106 )( 𝜋 × 0.00252 ×0.015)
𝑞 𝑓 =𝑞 𝑥 (𝐿) 𝑇 𝑏= +20=272 ℃
√(10 × 𝜋 ×0.005 × 25 × 𝜋 × 0.0025 ) 2

˙ 𝐿2
𝑞 7.5 × 106 ×0.015 2
𝑇 ( 0 )=𝑇 𝑜= +𝑇 𝑏 = +272=306 ℃
2𝑘 2× 25
Turbine blades mounted to a rotating disc in a gas turbine engine are exposed to a gas stream that is at T =1200°C and maintains a
convection coefficient of h=250 W/m2 K over the blade. The blades, which are fabricated from Inconel, k=20 W/m K, have a
length of L=50 mm. The blade profile has a uniform cross-sectional area of Ac=6x10-4 m2 and a perimeter of P =110 mm. A
proposed blade-cooling scheme, which involves routing air through the supporting disc, is able to maintain the base of each blade
at a temperature of Tb=300°C.
(a) If the maximum allowable blade temperature is 1050°C and the blade tip may be assumed to be adiabatic, is the proposed
cooling scheme satisfactory?
(b) For the proposed cooling scheme, what is the rate at which heat is transferred from each blade to the coolant?
Case 2- Adiabatic boundary condition

𝜃( 𝑥) cosh 𝑚( 𝐿− 𝑥 )
= 𝑞 𝑓 = √ h𝑃𝑘 𝐴𝑐 𝜃𝑏 tanh𝑚𝐿
𝜃𝑏 cosh 𝑚𝐿

𝜃 ( 𝐿)=
𝜃𝑏
𝑚=
h𝑃
√ √
=
250 ×0.11
𝑘𝐴 𝑐 20× 0.0006
=47.87 𝑚 −1

cosh 𝑚𝐿

𝑇 𝑏 −𝑇 ∞ 𝑇 𝑏− 𝑇 ∞ 300 − 1200
𝑇 𝐿− 𝑇∞=
cosh 𝑚𝐿
𝑇 𝐿 =𝑇 ∞ +
cosh 𝑚𝐿
= 1200+
cosh (47.87 × 0.05)
=1037 ℃
< maximum al owable  blade temperature  of 1050°C
Turbine blades mounted to a rotating disc in a gas turbine engine are exposed to a gas stream that is at T =1200°C and maintains a
convection coefficient of h=250 W/m2 K over the blade. The blades, which are fabricated from Inconel, k=20 W/m K, have a
length of L=50 mm. The blade profile has a uniform cross-sectional area of Ac=6x10-4 m2 and a perimeter of P =110 mm. A
proposed blade-cooling scheme, which involves routing air through the supporting disc, is able to maintain the base of each blade
at a temperature of Tb=300°C.
(a) If the maximum allowable blade temperature is 1050°C and the blade tip may be assumed to be adiabatic, is the proposed
cooling scheme satisfactory?
(b) For the proposed cooling scheme, what is the rate at which heat is transferred from each blade to the coolant?
Case 2- Adiabatic boundary condition

𝜃( 𝑥) cosh 𝑚( 𝐿− 𝑥 )
= 𝑞 𝑓 = √ h𝑃𝑘 𝐴𝑐 𝜃𝑏 tanh𝑚𝐿
𝜃𝑏 cosh 𝑚𝐿

𝑚=
h𝑃
√ √
=
250 ×0.11
𝑘𝐴 𝑐 20× 0.0006
=47.87 𝑚 −1

𝑞 𝑓 = √ h𝑃𝑘 𝐴 𝑐 𝜃𝑏 tanh𝑚𝐿=√ (250 × 0.11× 20 ×6 × 10− 4 ¿ ) ( 300 − 1200 ) tanh ( 47.87 ×0.05 )=¿ −508 𝑊 ¿ ¿

𝑞𝑏 =𝑞 𝑓 =508 𝑊
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
(Incropera, 6th
edition)
Derive correlation of Critical thickness of insulation for sphere
Problem: 3.56

Problems: 3.7, 3.11, 3.15, 3.22, 3.24

(Heat transfer rate from a wall/composite wall)

Problems: 3.39, 3.41, 3.44, 3.52, 3.60, 3.64

(Heat transfer rate from a cylinder/composite cylinder)

Problems: 3.76, 3.79, 3.87, 3.92

(Heat transfer rate from a cylinder/composite cylinder with heat generation)

Problems: 3.93, 3.94, 3.97