CARBOHYDRATE

METABOLISM
HORMONE
Hormones are chemical signals produced by
glands and circulated by the blood to target
cells
 1. INSULIN HORMONE
● Synthesized by pancreatic Langerhans β cells
● Plays a role in reducing blood glucose levels through
the following mechanisms :
Þ Increases glucose uptake by tissues
Þ Inducing glycogenesis
Þ Induces lipogenesis
Þ Induces protein synthesis
Þ Inhibits lipolysis of fat cells and gluconeogenesis
Mechanism of insulin secretion
Glikolisis
Glikogenesis
 Lipogenesis

metabolic pathway that converts acetyl-KoA

into lipids. Lipid levels in blood circulation are
a balance between lipogenesis and
lipolysis/oxidation of fatty acids. Lipogenesis
occurs due to stimulation of carbohydrate
intake and is inhibited by unsaturated fatty
acids and fasting activities.
2. GLUCAGON HORMONE
Plays a role in increasing blood glucose levels through
the following mechanisms :
Þ Stimulates liver glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis and
ketogenesis
Þ Stimulates lipolysis of fat cells
Þ Inhibits glycogenesis
 3. GROWTH HORMONE
(GH)
● Low blood glucose level -> GH secretion
● Has a diabetogenic effect through the mechanism of :
Þ Inhibits glucose uptake by muscles by inhibiting hexokinase
enzyme activity and tissue desensitization to insulin
Þ Increase the activity of glucose-6-phospatase-> increase the
secretion of glucose into the blood
● GH synthesis and secretion is influenced by other hormones :
Þ Estrogen
Þ Glucocorticoids
Þ thyroid
4. THYROID HORMONE
● Influence on fat metabolism :
Þ Increases Lipogenesis and Lipolysis
Þ Increases the use of fatty acids by tissues

● Influence on carbohydrate metabolism :

Þ Increases gluconeogenesis
Þ Increases the use of glucose by peripheral tissues
5. CORTISOL HORMONE
● Increases glycogenesis in the liver
● Inhibits the use of glucose by peripheral tissues
by inhibiting glycolysis
● Increase gluconeogenesis
 6. EPHINEFRIN
HORMONE
Increases the production and release of glucose by the
liver through 2 mechanisms :
Þ Direct stimulation of liver glycogenolysis
Þ Activate gluconeogenesis in the liver
 7. ANDROGEN
HORMONE
● Increases the size of fat cells
● Increase the activity of Lipolysis Lipase (LPL) -> increase
lipolysis of adipose tissue
● Inhibits insulin antilipolysis
 REFERENSI
● Bhagavan, N.V, Ha, C., 2011, Essential of Medical
Biochemistry with Clinical Cases, Elsevier
● King, M.W.,
2014,www.themedicalbiochemistrypage.org
● Victor Rodwell, David Bender, Kathleen M. Botham, P.
Anthony Weil, Peter J. Kennelly, 2015, Harper's
Illustrated Biochemistry, 30th Edition (LANGE Basic
Science)-McGraw-Hill Medical