ROAD MATERIALS

AGGREGATES

 Department of Public Works and

Highways specifications which
generally provides that:
“The aggregates shall consist of
hard durable particles of
fragments of crushed stone,
crushed slag, or crushed rock or
natural gravel”
AGGREGATES

 Aggregates to be classified as good quality, must undergo various test enumerated as follows:
 Test for strength
 Test for soundness
 Test for affinity and swell
 Test for shape and texture
 Test for resistance to polishing
 Degradation Test
TEST FOR STRENGTH

 The criterion for aggregate strength

test is the Los Angeles Abrasion Test
(AASHTO T 96)
 Click the link to watch how the test
conducted
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cZ
4am1vjtrs
TEST FOR SOUNDNESS

 Soundness refers to the resistance of materials to deterioration from the effect of action
like freezing and thawing. The common test for soundness is the application with
sodium or magnesium sulfate. (AASHTO T 104)
 Aggregate is considered unsound when volume changes in the aggregate induced by
weather, such as alternate cycles of wetting and drying or freezing and thawing
TEST FOR AFFINITY AND SWELL

 Strong and durable pavement must have binder that adhere or stick firmly to the
aggregate particles.
 Hydrophilic is the term used when the aggregate has greater affinity for water than
asphalt. Meaning they like water than asphalt.
 If an aggregate is hydrophilic, the chemical bond between the aggregates and water
is much stronger than those between aggregates and asphalt.
TEST FOR RESISTANCE TO POLISHING

 A good asphalt or concrete road design is when “the rubber tire is in direct contact
with the aggregate and not with the binder” measured under the following
considerations:
 The aggregate surface of the road becomes polished and sticky the coefficient of
friction between the road surface and the tire will be dangerously low.
 The skid resistance has bearing relation with the polishing of the aggregate,
prompting the road agency to consider the skid resistance measurement on existing
road to be included and part of the road inventory
TEST FOR SHAPE AND TEXTURE

 A relatively rounded smooth aggregates particles like natural gravel is recommended for
Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
 The angular or cubical shape and rough surface texture aggregate has been proven
excellent material for asphalt pavement because it has stronger interlocking action and
well adherence of asphalt binder to the particles
 A thin or elongated piece of dirt is considered undesirable material for either asphalt or
concrete pavement
 The AASHTO Standard Specifications for asphalt pavement aggregate has no specific
stipulation as to the control of the shape or surface texture
DEGRADATION TEST

 Some aggregates degrade in the

presence of water. This is measured
through mechanical agitation in water
under designation test T-210 of
AASHTO.
AGGREGATE FOR BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT
 "The aggregates shall consist of hard, durable particles of fragments of stone or gravel and
sand or other fine mineral particles free from vegetable matter and lumps or balls of clay
and such nature that it can be compacted readily to form a from, stable layer. It shall
conform to the grading requirements shown when tested by AASHTO T-l I and 27".
AGGREGATE FOR PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE
PAVEMENT

 In order to obtain high quality concrete, road agencies have imposed almost
without exception that all aggregates shall pass appropriate tests for strength,
soundness, wear or the combination of these three.
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS STANDARD
SPECIFICATIONS FOR AGGREGATES
 Aggregate shall consist of hard, durable particles or fragments of crushed stone, crush slug or
crushed or natural gravel. Material that breaks up when alternately wetted and dried shall be
discarded.
 Coarse aggregate is the material retained on the 2mm (NO. 10) sieve and shall have a
percentage of water not more than 50 for sub-base and not more than 45 for base and surface
courses
 Fine Aggregate is the material passing the No. 10 sieve (2.00mm) consisting of natural,
crushed sand, and fine mineral particles. The fraction passing the 0.075mm (No. 200) sieve
should not be greater than 0.99 of the fraction passing the 0.425mm (No.40) sieve.
 Base course, the fraction passing the 0.425mm (No.40) sieve shall have a liquid limit of not
more than 25 and a plastic index (PI) not greater than 6/ For sub-base course, the liquif limit
should not be greater than 35m and Plastic Index not greater than 12
MINERAL FILLER

 The strength of road pavement Will be increased if dust additives which dense the graded
mixture is added. It is called mineral filler that reduces the void contents in the mixture. This
dust additive is not the ordinary dust that is being found in our floor or tables.
 Dust additive is classified into:
 Finely powdered limestone
 Slag
 Hydrated Lime
 Portland Cement
 Trap Rock Dust
 Fly Ash
MINERAL FILLER

 The DPWH Standard Specifications relative to mineral filler states that: “Mineral
filler shall consist of finely divided mineral matter such as rock dust, slag dust,
hydrated lime, hydraulic cement, fly ash or other suitable mineral matter. It shall be
free from organic impurities and at the time of use shall be sufficiently dry to flow
freely and shall be essentially free from agglomerations”
 AASHTO further stipulates that all minerals other than hydrated lime or Portland
cement, the Plastic Index (PI) value shall be 4 or less.
BITUMINOUS MATERIAL

 Bituminous material or Asphalt in short, is a

viscous liquid used as binder for aggregates
in road construction. At normal temperature,
asphalt is either slightly thicker than water or
hard but brittle material that breaks under a
hammer blow when cold.
BITUMINOUS BINDERS
 Asphalt cement is used as binder for almost all high types of bituminous pavement . Asphalt
cement is a semi solid hydrocarbon retained after fuel and lubricating oils are removed from
petroleum. The softest grade used for pavement is the 200-300 penetration. The 60-70
penetrations is the hardest type.
 Cutback or Liquid Asphalt
 Liquid Asphalt is a petroleum product consisting of asphalt cement with a liquid distillate
(diesel, kerosene or gasoline). The less viscous asphalt contains diluents as little as 15%
 The use of cutback is being frowned for two reasons (1) It is a usable fuel; (2) It is an air
pollutant
 Three classification: (1) Slow Curing (SC) road soil; (2) Medium Curing (MC) cutback
asphalt; (3) Rapid Curing (RC) cutback asphalt
EMULSIFIED ASPHALT

 Emulsified asphalt is a kind of mixture wherein the minute globules of asphalt disperses in
water. Asphalt content ranges from 55%-70% by weight. Emulsion could be applied or mixed
at normal temperature, because when the water content evaporates, the asphalt remains. It has
the following characteristics.
 Excellent with wet aggregate because the water medium carries the asphalt into a superior
contact with particle surfaces
 It is an effective material in coating electropositive aggregate such as limestone
 The Cationic Emulsion is very effective in high siliceous aggregates
 Rejuvenating Agent is an emulsified petroleum resin sprayed over the surface of an old
asphalt road that changes to asphaltness causing the binder to harden and cracks.
EMULSIFIED ASPHALT
OXIDIZED ASPHALT AND ROAD TAR

 Oxidized asphalt is suitable only for roofing and similar applications. Highway used
of oxidized asphalt is limited to water proofing of structures and filling joints of
concrete pavement.
 Road tar is a by-product of the distillation process of coal. Tars are produced from
gashouse coal tar, cook oven tars and water gas tar.
BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT / ASPHALT ROAD

 The bituminous pavement is a combination of mineral aggregate and binders.

 Qualities of Asphalt Road:
 The surface must be free from cracks or raveling due to shrinkage and fatigue
failure
 It must withstand weather, conditions
 It must be resistant to internal moisture such as water vapor
 It must possess a tight of porous impermeable surface as the case may be
 It must be smooth riding and skid free surface
ASPHALT OVERLAY

 Asphalt overlay is a layer of asphalt

bound aggregate laid to an existing
pavement. The purpose is to level out
distorted surface or to cover cracks
and joints of the pavement.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS FOR ASPHALT OVERLAY

 Click the link to watch the video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QeqGaNmTCdc

 DPWH STANDARD
SPECIFICATION

ITEM 200
AGGREGATE SUBBASE COURSE
and
ITEM 201
AGGREGATE BASE COURSE
ITEM 200 – AGGREGATE SUBBASE COURSE

Item 200 consists of furnishing, placing and compacting an

aggregate subbase course on a prepared subgrade in
accordance with Specifications and the lines, grades and cross
sections shown on the Plans.

The subbase is a structural layer which accepts greater

compressive strength than the subgrade and thus reduces
the deformation of the pavement under traffic loading. It is
made of economical materials with a relatively low load
bearing capacity which are place on top of subgrade of an
embankment materials in order to distribute the wheel load
transmitted to the subgrade.
 MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS
Subbase materials shall consist of hard durable particles or fragments of crushed
slag, or crushed natural gravel and filler of natural or crushed sand or other finely
divided mineral matter and lumps or balls of clay.
REQUIREMENTS SIGNIFICANCE SUBBASE
The larger particles of gradations are load bearing and the Fine passing the No.
fine particles bind the coarser ones to prevent movement 200 sieve shall not
Gradation between them. The gradation of base materials is very exceed two-thirds of
important to achieve maximum contact between particles and the fraction passing
maximum watertightness. the No. 40 sieve.
In general, soils having high values of liquid limit and
Liquid Limit of fines Not more than 35
plasticity index are poor as engineering materials.
The plasticity index gives an indication of clay content in
Plasticity Index Not greater than 12
soil.
Mass percent of wear of The abrasion test determines the hardness property of coarse
 
coarse aggregates by Los aggregates (>2mm). Strong aggregates give low aggregate
Not more than 50
Angeles abrasion test crushing value.
Soaked CBR value
The CBR is used to evaluate the potential strength of
(California Bearing Ratio) at Not less than 30%
soil/aggregates
maximum dry density
GRADING REQUIREMENTS

Liquid Limit: (Tested by ASSHTO T 89)

The fraction passing 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve shall have a liquid limit of not
greater than 35

Plasticity Index: (Tested by AASHTO T 90)

The fraction passing the 0.425 mm (no. 40) sieve shall have a plasticity index
(PI) of not greater than 12

Abrasion Loss or Mass Percent Wear: (Tested by AASHTO T 96)

The coarse portion, retained on a 2.0 mm (no. 10) sieve shall have a mass
percent of wear not exceeding 50 by the Los Angeles Abrasion Tests.

CBR Value: (Tested by AASHTO T 193)

The material shall have a soaked CBR value of not less than 30%. This value
shall obtained at the maximum dry density (MDD) as determined by AASHTO T 180,
Method D).
GRADING REQUIREMENTS

Strength of Aggregates
The following factors increase the shearing strength of aggregates. The
first four factors also contribute to increase in density.

• A well-graded aggregate is stronger than one not well graded.

• The larger the maximum size of aggregates is, the greater the strength since
larger particles provide greater interlocking.

• The more flat, broken faces the particles have, the greater the strength
developed through interlocking.

• Compaction increases the shearing strength of aggregate of any size, shape and
gradation.

• Rough particle surfaces increases strength because of greater friction between

them.
GRADING REQUIREMENTS
The subbase materials should be well graded and should
conform to the following grading requirements as tested by
AASHTO T 11 and T 27.
SIEVE DESIGNATION
MASS % PASSING
mm inches

50 2 100

25 1 55 - 85

9.5 3/8 40 - 75

0.075 No. 200 0 - 12

The fraction passing the 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve shall not be greater
than 0.66 (2/3) of the fraction passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve.
CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS

Spreading and Compacting

Department Order No. 70, Series of 2016 re: Adoption of Compacted
Thickness of 200 mm in Item 200 – Aggregate Subbase Course and Item
201 – Aggregate Base Course in Concrete and Asphalt Paving Works of
National Roads.

 The maximum compacted thickness per layer for both aggregate

subbase and base courses is 200 mm, to be spread and compacted in
one layer using vibratory roller equipment with at least ten (10) metric
tons capacity, until the required field (in-situ) density of at least 100%
of the prescribed maximum dry density is attained.
CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS

Spreading and Compacting

 Where the required thickness is more than 200 mm, the aggregate
subbase shall be spread and compacted into two (2) or more layers of
approximately equal thickness and the maximum compacted thickness
of any one (1) layer shall not exceed 200 mm.

 The moisture content of subbase material shall, if necessary be adjusted

prior to compaction by watering with approve sprinklers mounted on
trucks or by drying out, as required in order to obtain the required
compaction.
CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS

Spreading and Compacting

 On curbs headers and walls and all places not accessible to the roller,
the subbase materials shall be compacted thoroughly with approved
tampers or compactors.

 Compaction of each layer shall have a field density of at least 100

percent of the maximum dry density determined in accordance with
AASHTO T-180, Method D.
Compaction operation should be carried out in various stages of
construction by layers and only of specified thickness. No
succeeding layer shall be laid unless the previously compacted
layer has been subjected to field density tests and has attained the
required degree of compaction.
CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS

Spreading and Compacting

 Before sub-base construction is started, a trial section shall be
conducted in order to check the suitability of the materials and the
efficiency of the equipment and construction method which is proposed
to be used by the contractor.

 One trial section of about 500 m2 shall be made for every type of
material and/or construction equipment proposes for use.

The purpose of trial sections is to check the suitability of

the materials and the efficiency of the equipment and
construction method which is proposed to be used.

 Rolling shall progress gradually from the sides to the center, parallel to
the centerline of the road and shall continue until the whole surface has
been rolled.
CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS

Spreading and Compacting

 If a trial section shows that the proposed materials, equipment or

procedures in the Engineer’s opinion are not suitable for subbase, the
material shall be removed at the Contractor’s expense, and a new trial
section shall be constructed.

 If the basic conditions regarding the type of material or procedure

change during the execution of the work, new trial sections shall be
constructed.
CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS

ALLOWABLE TOLERANCES TO THE DESIGNATED LEVEL AND TRANSVERSE

SLOPES FOR A COMPACTED AGGREGATE SUBBASE

Permitted variation from design

+ 20 mm
Thickness of Layer
Permitted variation from design + 10 mm
Level of Surface - 20 mm
Permitted Surface Irregularity
20 mm
Measured by 3-m straight edge
Permitted variation from design
+ 0.3 %
Crossfall or Camber
Permitted variation from design
+ 0.1 %
Logitudinal Grade over 25 m length
METHOD OF MEASUREMENT

Aggregate subbase course will be measured by the

cubic meter. The quantity to be paid shall be the
design volume compacted in-place as shown on the
Plans, and accepted in the completed course.
ITEM 201 – AGGREGATE BASE COURSE

Item 201 consists of furnishing, placing and compacting an

aggregate base course on a prepared subgrade/subbase in
accordance with Specifications and the lines, grades, thickness
and typical cross-sections shown on the Plans.

The base reduces the vertical compressive stress induced

by traffic in the subbase and the subgrade.
It is made of high quality material with a high load bearing
capacity and lies close under the surfacing course material. It
provides a relatively non-frost material on which to provide
support for surface course and sometimes to carry traffic
temporarily.
MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS

 In some areas where the conventional base course materials are scarce or
non-available, the use of 40% weathered limestone blended with 60%
crushed stones or gravel shall be allowed, provided that the blended
materials meet the requirements of this Item.

 The fraction passing the 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve shall not be greater than
0.66 (two thirds) of the fraction passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve

 If filler, in addition to that naturally present, is necessary to meet the grading

requirements or satisfactory bonding, it shall be uniformly blended with the
base course material on the road or in a pugmill unless otherwise specified or
approved sources, shall be free hard lumps and shall not contain more than
15 percent material retained on the 4.75 mm (No. 40) sieve.
MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS

 The base course materials should conform to one of the following

grading requirements:

SIEVE DESIGNATION MASS % PASSING

mm inches Grading A Grading B
50 2 100  
37.5 1–½ - 100
25.0 1 60 – 85 -
19.0 ¾ - 60 – 85
12.5 ½ 35 – 65 -
4.75 No. 4 20 – 50 30 – 55
0.425 No. 40 5 – 20 8 – 25
0.075 No. 200 0 - 12 2 - 14
 MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS
Aggregates for base shall consist of hard, durable particles or fragments of crushed
stone, crushed slag or crushed/natural gravel and filler of natural or crushed sand or
other finely mineral matter and shall meet the following requirements/properties:

REQUIREMENTS SIGNIFICANCE BASE

Gradation
important to achieve maximum contact between particles and
Liquid Limit of fines
Plasticity Index
Mass percent of wear of The abrasion test determines the hardness property of coarse
coarse aggregates by Los
Angeles abrasion test
Soaked CBR value
(California Bearing Ratio) at
maximum dry density
The larger particles of gradations are load bearing and the Fine passing the No.
fine particles bind the coarser ones to prevent movement 200 sieve shall not
between them. The gradation of base materials is very exceed two-thirds of
the fraction passing
maximum watertightness. the No. 40 sieve.
In general, soils having high values of liquid limit and
Not more than 25
plasticity index are poor as engineering materials.
The plasticity index gives an indication of clay content in
Not greater than 6
soil.
aggregates (>2mm). Strong aggregates give low aggregate
Not more than 50
crushing value.
The CBR is used to evaluate the potential strength of
Not less than 80%
soil/aggregates
MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS

Liquid Limit: (Tested by AASHTO T 89)

The fraction passing 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve shall have a Liquid Limit of not
greater than 25

Plasticity Index: (Tested by AASHTO T 90)

The fraction passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve shall have a plasticity index
(PI) of not greater than 6

Abrasion Loss or Mass Percent Wear: (Tested by AASHTO T 96)

The coarse portion, retained on a 2.0 mm (No. 10) sieve shall have a mass
percent of wear not exceeding 50.

CBR Value: (Tested by AASHTO T 193)

The material passing the 19 mm (3/4 in) shall have a soaked CBR value not
less than 80%. The CBR value shall be obtained at MDD by AASHTO T 180,
Method D
CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
Spreading and Compaction
The same as construction procedures as in Item 200 – Aggregate
Subbase Course.

ALLOWABLE TOLERANCES TO THE DESIGNATED LEVEL AND TRANSVERSE

SLOPES FOR A COMPACTED AGGREGATE BASE COURSE
Permitted variation from design
+ 10 mm
Thickness of Layer
Permitted variation from design + 5 mm
Level of Surface - 10 mm
Permitted Surface Irregularity
5 mm
Measured by 3-m straight edge
Permitted variation from design
+ 0.2 %
Crossfall or Camber
Permitted variation from design
+ 0.1 %
Logitudinal Grade over 25 m length
METHOD OF MEASUREMENT

Aggregate Base Course will be measured by the cubic

meter. The quantity to be paid shall be the design volume
compacted in-place as shown on the Plans, and accepted in the
completed course. No Allowance shall be given for materials
placed outside the design limits shown on the cross sections.
Trial sections shall not be measured separately but shall be
included in the quantity of aggregate base course.
DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. Liquid Limit – is defined as the lowest moisture at which the soil will
flow upon the application of a very small shearing force.

2. Plastic Limit – is defined as the minimum moisture content of which

the soil can be readily moulded without braking or crumbling.

3. Plasticity index – indicates compressibility, high PI means high degree

of compressibility of a soil. It is also related to permeability, the higher the
PI the lower the permeability, and vice-versa.

The Plasticity Index is the difference between the

Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit
Plasticity Index = Liquid Limit – Plastic Limit
DEFINITION OF TERMS

4. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) – it determines the bearing capacity

of soil on its worst condition

5. Sieve Analysis – determines the grain size distribution in soils by

sieve, hydrometer or a combined analysis. It is widely used in the
classification and identification of soil. It is an important criteria in the
classification of highway subgrade materials.

6. Abrasion Test – evaluates structural strength of coarse aggregate. An

indication of quality as determined by resistance to impact and wear.
DEPARTMENT ORDER AND MEMORANDUM
Department Order No. 95, Series of 1991

Use Of Weathered Limestone (Anapog) As Blending Materials For

Base Course (Item 201)

PURPOSE:
To maximize the use of locally available and good quality weathered
limestone and to avoid delays in the road construction arising from
scarcity/non-availability of conventional base course materials in some areas.

APPLICATIONS:

The use of 40% weathered limestone blended with 60% crushed stones or
gravel is allowed provided that the blended materials meet the requirements
of Item 201, Aggregate Base Course of the 1988 DPWH Standard
Specifications for Highways, Bridges and Airports, Volume II.
Memorandum Order No. 25, Series of 1986

Adequate Compaction of Subgrade, Subbase and Base Course

PURPOSE:
To deter/prevent the early and rapid deterioration of completed roads

Adequate Compaction of Soil Structure will result in the following:

• Minimal future settlement
• Greater stability, thus reducing danger of slips
• Greater resistance to water absorption, or minimal change in water content

To have Effective Adequate Compaction on Soil Materials:

• The required number and kind of compaction equipment should be at the
right time and right place.
• Strictly follow the specified laying thickness of the soil materials
• Attained the required degree of compaction and observe the proper
construction methods in spreading, laying and compaction.
 DPWH STANDARD
SPECIFICATION IN
ASPHALT CONSTRUCTION

Material Requirements and

Method of Incorporation
 ITEM 310
BITUMINOUS CONCRETE
SURFACE COURSE – HOT
LAID
DESCRIPTION

This consist of constructing a Bituminous Concrete

Surface Course composed of aggregates, mineral filler
and bituminous material mixed in a central plant,
constructed and laid hot on a prepared base in
accordance with plans and specifications.
M AT E R I A L R E Q U I R E M E N T S
COMPOSITON AND QUALITY OF BITUMINOUS MIXTURE

JOB-MIX
FORMULA
The proportioning of the aggregate and asphalt
should be based from laboratory trial mixes. A job-
mix formula should be set and strictly followed in all
batches of the asphalt mix. This formula should
include provision on grading of aggregates,
percentage of asphalt, temperature of aggregate and
asphalt, temperature of mixture at the time of
compaction, etc.
M AT E R I A L R E Q U I R E M E N T S

JOB-MIX
FORMULA
The bituminous mixture shall be composed of the
following:
a. aggregates The bituminous
b. mineral filler material commonly
used in Item 310 is
c. hydrated lime ASPHALT
CEMENT
d. bituminous material
M AT E R I A L R E Q U I R E M E N T S

JOB-MIX FORMULA

At least three weeks prior to production, the

contractor is required to submit the following for each
proposed mixture:
a. job-mix formula
b. laboratory test data
c. samples and sources of components
d. viscosity-temperature relationship
M AT E R I A L R E Q U I R E M E N T S

JOB-MIX FORMULA

The job-mix formula should contain the following

information:
a. percentage of aggregates passing each specified
sieve
b. percentage of bituminous material to be added
c. delivery temperature of mixture
d. kind and percentage of additive to be used
e. kind and percentage of mineral filler to be used
M AT E R I A L R E Q U I R E M E N T S

JOB-MIX FORMULA
After the job-mix is established, all mixture furnished for
the project shall conform there to within the following
ranges of tolerances:
Passing No.4 and larger sieves + 7%

Passing No. 8 to No. 100 sieves (inclusive) + 4%

Passing No. 200sieve + 2%

Bituminous Material + 0.4%

Temperature of Mixture + 10° C

M AT E R I A L R E Q U I R E M E N T S

JOB-MIX FORMULA
After the job-mix is established, all mixture furnished for the
project shall conform there to within the following ranges of
tolerances:
Minimum dry compressive strength 1.4 MPa (200 psi)

Mass percent air voids 3 to 5

Index of retained strength Not less than 70

The Marshall Stability Method is the most commonly used

method in the design and evaluation of bituminous
concrete mixes.
M AT E R I A L R E Q U I R E M E N T S

JOB-MIX FORMULA

A new job-mix formula shall be submitted by the

Contractor in writing and approved by the Engineer prior
to production every time a change in source of materials is
proposed or a job-mix formula proves to be unsatisfactory.
M AT E R I A L R E Q U I R E M E N T S

B I T U M I N O U S M AT E R I A L

The bituminous material shall either be:

a. Medium Curing (MC) Cut-back Asphalt or
b. Asphalt Cement
M AT E R I A L R E Q U I R E M E N T S

A G G R E G AT E S

Aggregates for the mixture shall be sized, graded and combined

to meet one of the grading requirements as shown in the Table
703.2 (Please refer to 2012 DPWH Blue Book, Volume II, page
535 of ITEM 703 – Aggregates)
M AT E R I A L R E Q U I R E M E N T S

MINERAL
FILLER
Mineral filler shall be graded within the following limits:

SIEVE MAXIMUM PERCENT PASSING

0.600 mm (No.30) 100

0.300 mm (No. 50) 95-100
0.075 mm (No. 200) 70-100

It shall have a plasticity index not greater than 4.

(PI are not applicable for hydraulic lime and cement)
M AT E R I A L R E Q U I R E M E N T S

H Y D R AT E D
LIME
Type N or S should be used for the filler requirement to
bituminous plant mixture because it is expected to provide
pavements with greater resistance to the detrimental effects
of water.
M AT E R I A L R E Q U I R E M E N T S

H Y D R AT E D
LIME
Chemical requirements for Hydrated Lime
It shall conform to the following standard chemical
requirements:

Calcium and Magnesium Oxides (Non-volatile basis), min % 60 %

Carbon Dioxide (as received basis), max.% -
If sample is taken at the place of manufacture 5%
If sample is taken at any other place 7%
Unhydrated oxides (as received basis) for Type S, max % 8%
M AT E R I A L R E Q U I R E M E N T S

H Y D R AT E D
LIME
Physical requirements for Hydrated Lime

a.) % Residue
- retained on a 0.600 mm (No. 30) sieve shall not be more than
0.57 %
- retained on a 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve shall not be more
than 15%

b.) Plasticity
Putty from Type S, Special Hydrate shall have a plasticity figure
of not less than 200 when tested within 30 minutes after mixing
with water
M AT E R I A L R E Q U I R E M E N T S

H Y D R AT E D
LIME
Grading requirements for Hydrated Lime

Sieve Designation
Mass % Passing
Std., mm US

0.850 No. 20 100

0.075 No. 200 85-100

M AT E R I A L R E Q U I R E M E N T S

H Y D R AT E D
LIME
Sampling for Hydrated Lime
Samples shall be taken at the place of manufacture or at
the destination agreed by concerned parties. Samples shall be
taken within 24 hours of the receipt of the material when taken
other than the place of manufacture.
It should be conducted quickly to avoid undue exposure of
material to air. Samples should not be taken from broken
packages.
M AT E R I A L R E Q U I R E M E N T S

H Y D R AT E D
LIME
Sampling for Hydrated Lime
At least one percent of the packages shall be sampled but in no
case shall be less than 5 packages be sampled. Individual packages
shall be taken from various parts of the unit being sampled. A
sampling tube shall be used to obtain at least 0.5 kg from each
package. The material obtained shall be thoroughly mixed and
quartered. Triplicate samples of not less than 2.5 kg each shall be
taken and sealed in properly labelled, air-tight, moisture proof
containers.
M AT E R I A L R E Q U I R E M E N T S

MIXTURE
P R O P O RT I O N
Bituminous materials should be from 5.0 to 8.0 mass
percent of the total dry aggregate. The exact percentage to
be used shall be fixed by the Engineer in accordance with the
job-mix formula and other quality control requirements.
Hydrated lime to be added to the mixture during the
mixing operation should be 0.5 to 1.0 mass percent of
the dry aggregate basis. The lower percentage limit is
applicable to predominantly calcareous aggregates.
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