Parts of a

CELL
 The principal parts of a cell are
1. The cell membrane
2. The protoplasm and organelles
3. The nucleus.
 CELL
MEMBRANE
 All cells and their protoplasmic contents are surrounded
and protected by a thin layer called plasma membrane.
Function is like a gate, controlling what enters and leaves
the cell
Plasma membrane has a double layer of phospholipid
molecules.
A phospholipid molecules is made up of glycerol which is a

phosphate group and two chains of fatty acid. E.g. fats

Protein molecules are also found embedded in phospholipids.
The membrane is composed of both protein and phospholipid
molecules.
 Function of a
CELL
MEMBRANE
1. Serves as boundary between outside environment
and the inside of the cell.
2. Gives form and shape to the cells.
3. Connects one cell to two or more adjacent cells.
 Osmosis
• It is the spontaneous movement of solvent
molecules through a semi permeable
membrane.
• The region of the higher solute
concentration tends to equalize the lower
solute concentration.
• Is an essential process by means of
which nutrients are delivered to the
cells.
 Diffusion
• It is the movement of molecules from a region of
high concentration to a region of low
concentration.
Transporters
• It lets nutrients to enter the cell and
by – products to leave the cell.
• Sugar to glucose to energy
 Endocytosis
• It is the process in which cell absorb
molecules by engulfing them.
• The cell creates a small deformation
inward called invagination.

Phagocytosis - Cell eating

Pinocytosis - Cell drinking
 Exocytosis
It removes undigested residue of a
substance brought in by endocytosis.
It also secretes substances such as
hormones and enzymes.
Pathway
PROTOPLASM
These are the plasma or mass of jelly like
materials inside the cell.
A protoplasm can change into a semisolid gel
to semiliquid solution.
• protoplasm:
• proto= first plasm=substance

is divided in two form :

1. liquid , 2 jelly
 Protoplasm is
composed of
20% Carbon
10% Hydrogen
62% Oxygen
3% nitrogen
5% other elements.
MITOCHONDRIA
(sing. Mitochondrion)
These are the microscopic rod –
shape bodies in the cytoplasm.
They are the centers of cellular
respiration, a process in which
energy –rich adenosine triphosphate,
a high – energy compound in cells
that functions in energy storage and
transfer is produced.
RIBOSOMES
All throughout the cytoplasm are tiny
structures.
These organelles are composed of nucleic
acid.
-made up of protein.
-protein is synthesized produce in the ribosome
It serves as the site of biological protein synthesis
or translation.
Ribosomes link amino acids together in the order
specified by messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules.
Ribonucleic acid
 Translation
• Is the process in which ribosomes in a cell’s
cytoplasm create proteins.
Ex. Ribosomes produce protein
Amino Acids
• Elements that are present are carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, and nitrogen.
• It is important in biosynthesis
• It is the final product of protein digestion
mRNA
• It conveys genetic information from DNA
• Function: delivers genetic information to DNA
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
It forms a network of tiny canals
throughout the cell.
Function: transports the proteins and
other molecules to other parts of the
cell
2 Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum
1.Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
2. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
The outer surface of the membranes
are lined with ribosomes, rendering
(transfer) a granular(butil-butil)
appearance.
Function: the rough ER helps the
proteins stay organized
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
the main function of the smooth
ER is synthesizing the lipids used
in the cell membrane.
GOLGI
BODIES
Packaging Counters of the

CELL
It is the major collection and
dispatch station of protein
products received from the
endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
Function: enhance the proteins
and lipids,
Make secrete mucus, packages
product into vesicles for
transport
• Proteins synthesized in the ER are
packaged into vesicles which the
fuse with Golgi apparatus.
• The cargo proteins are modified and
destined for secretion via
exocytosis.
Same as post office, Golgi Bodies
package and label items which it
then sends to different parts of the
cells.
Function :move materials within
the cell
 Structure of

GOLGI
BODIES
Golgi Apparatus is made up of
a series of compartments
consisting of two networks:
1. Cis Golgi Network (CGN)
2. Trans Golgi Network (TGN)
 Cis Golgi Network
• Is a collection of fused, flattened
membrane – enclosed cisternae,
originating from vesicular cluster
that bud off the endoplasmic
reticulum.
• Entrance of proteins
 Trans Golgi Network
• It is the final cisternal structure,
from which protein are package into
vesicles destined to lysosomes,
secretory vesicles or the cell surface.
• Exit of molecules (proteins).
VACUOLES
Storage Tank of the

CELL
A membrane which is present in
all plants and fungal cells.
They are essentially enclosed
compartments which are filled
with water containing organic and
inorganic molecules.
• The functions of the vacuole are:
• Isolating materials that might be
harmful or threat to the cell.
• Containing waste products
• Containing water in plant cells
• Allow plants to support structures
such as leaves and flowers.
• Plant Vacuole typically occupies more than 30% of
the cell’s volume, and that can occupy as much as
80% of the volume for certain cell types and
conditions.
• Function ; storage area for water, salts, proteins
and carbohydrates
• A sac like structure
Structure of
VACUOLE
 Tonoplast
• Also known as vacuolar membrane.
• A membrane that surrounds the
vacuole.
• It separates the vacuole content from
the cytoplasm.
Cell Sap
• Water like content that fills the vacuole.
LYSOSOMES
Suicide Bags of the
CELL
Acts as the waste disposal system of
the cell by digesting the unwanted
materials in the cytoplasm.
Function: to destroy any foreign
material which enter the cell such
as bacteria and virus, to protect
the cells from infection
CENTROSOMES
Helpers in the division of the

CELL
• It is a mass of dense protoplasm with
structures called centrioles at the center
• Function: responsible for the regulation of
cell division
 Centrioles
• It is a part of the cytoplasm, duplicate and form
at the center for spindle fiber formation during
the cell division.
• Function: help with cell division,
microtubules forms spindle fibres for nuclear
division
CELL WALL
Organelles Peculiar to
PLANT CELL
 Cell Wall
• A structural layer surrounding some
types of cells, located outside the cell
membrane.
• Provides both structural support and
protection, and also acts as a filtering
mechanism
 Structure of
CELL WALL
A cell wall is composed of three layers:
Primary Cell Wall
Secondary Cell Wall
Middle Lamella
 Primary Cell Wall
• Generally a thin, flexible and
extensible layer formed while
the cell is growing.
Secondary Cell Wall
A thick layer formed
inside the primary cell
wall after the cell is fully
grown.
 Middle Lamella
A layer rich in pectin.
This is the outermost layer
that forms the interface
between adjacent plant cells
and glues them together.
 Pectin
• It makes the cell strong.
• But in fruits, the pectin
loosens in the cell that
results to softening of
the fruit.
PLASTIDS
These are the large
membrane – bound
organelles found in the
cytoplasm of most plant
cells.
Chromoplasts
These are
classified as the
colored plastids.
Chlorophyll
• is very essential in the
manufacture of food by
green plants .
 Carotenoids
• Various yellow or orange pigment.
• These chromoplasts also give may
flowers, ripened fruits, and autumn
leaves their characteristic yellow or
orange color.
 Rheodoplast
Chomoplast with red pigment.
Leucoplasts
These are the colorless plastids that
serve as food storehouse in many plant
cells.
Contains oil, starch grains, and proteins,
as well as enzymes necessary to link
glucose molecules together and form
starch molecules.
NUCLEUS
Latin: Nuculeus – kernel or seed
Contains most of the cell’s genetic
material, organized as multiple
long layer of DNA molecules with a
largely variety of proteins to form
chromosomes.
 Function
• The nucleus maintains the
integrity of genes and controls
the activities of the cell by
regulating the genes
expression.
Gene Expression
• It is the process by which
information from a gene is
used in the synthesis.
• Expressing the genetic
information by using the DNA
code to create a protein that
does a specific job and control
Nuclear Envelope
• Is composed of phospholipid
bilayer membrane (outer
membrane and inner membrane)
that encloses the entire organelle
and isolates its contents from
the cellular cytoplasm.
 Function
Regulates the movement of
molecules into and out of the cell.
Nuclear Pores
Helps to regulates nuclear
transport of molecules across
the envelope.
Function:
Allows contact between the
nucleus and cytoplasm
Functions of
NUCLEUS
The nucleus provides a site for
genetic transcription.
Cell
Compartmentalization
The nuclear envelope allows the
nucleus to control its contents,
and separate them from the rest
of the cytoplasm.
 Gene Expression
• It involves transcription, in
which DNA used as a template
to produce RNA.
Processing pre – mRNA
The mRNA are being exported to the
cytoplasm.
QUESTIONS???
Activity:
Illustrate and indicate the parts
and functions of the cell in an
oslo paper. Take picture of your
output and upload to your
Genyo account.
THANK
YOU FOR
LISTENING