SURVEY RESEARCH

KELOMPOK 1:
MUHAMMAD FAWAID
ADAM GUNTUR SAPUTRO
M. ABDUL HAFIDH
MOCH. AVIF RAMADANI
What Is a Survey?
 What Is a Survey?

Researchers are often interested in the opinions of a large

group of people about a particular topic or issue. For
example, imagine that the chairperson of the counseling
department at a large university is interested in
determining how students who are seeking a
masterdegree feel about the program
Why Are Surveys Conducted?
 Why Are Surveys Conducted?

The major purpose of surveys is to describe the

characteristics of a population. In essence, what
researchers want to find out is how the members
of a population distribute themselves on one or
more variables the population as a whole is rarely
studied. Instead, a carefully selected sample of
respondents is surveyed and a description of the
population is inferred from what is found out
about the sample.
Types of Surveys
 Types of Surveys

There are two major types of surveys;

1. Cross-Sectional Surveys
2. Longitudinal Surveys
 Types of Surveys

1. CROSS-SECTIONAL SURVEYS
A cross-sectional survey collects information from a sample that has been
drawn from a predetermined population. Furthermore, the information is
collected at just one point in time, although the time it takes to collect all
of the data may take anywhere from a day to a few weeks or more.

When an entire population is surveyed, it is called a census. The prime

example is the census conducted by the U.S. Bureau of the Census every
10 years, which attempts to collect data about everyone in the United
States.
 Types of Surveys

2. LONGITUDINAL SURVEYS
In a longitudinal survey, information is collected at different
points in time in order to study changes over time.
Three longitudinal designs are commonly employed in survey
research: Trend studies, Cohort studies, and Panel studies.
 Types of Surveys

In a trend study, different samples from a population whose

members may change are surveyed at different points in time.
For example, a researcher might be interested in the attitudes
of high school principals toward the use of flexible scheduling.
He would select a sample each year from a current listing of
high school principals throughout the state. The researcher
would then examine and compare responses from year to year
to see whether any trends were apparent.
 Types of Surveys

A cohort study, samples a particular population whose

members do not change over the course of the survey. A
researcher might want to study growth in teaching
effectiveness of all the first-year teachers who had graduated in
the past year from San Francisco State University. The names of
all of these teachers would be listed, and then a different
sample would be selected from this listing at different times.
 Types of Surveys

In a panel study, the researcher surveys the same sample of

individuals at different times during the course of the survey.
The researcher in our previous example might select a sample
of last year’s graduates from San Francisco State University who
are first-year teachers and survey the same individuals several
times during the teaching year.
 Survey Research and
Correlational Research
 Survey Research and
Correlational Research

Suppose a researcher is interested in studying the relationship

between attitude toward school of high school students and their
outside-of-school interests. A questionnaire containing items dealing
with these two variables could be prepared and administered to a
sample of high school students, and then relationships could be
determined by calculating correlation coefficients or by preparing
contingency tables. The researcher may find that students who have a
positive attitude toward school also have a lot of outside interests,
while those who have a negative attitude toward school have few
outside interests.
Step in Survey Research
 Step in Survey Research

• Defining The Problem

The problem to be investigated by means of a survey should be
interesting and important to motivate individuals to respond.
Researchers need to define clearly their objectives in conducting a
survey. Each question should relate to one or more of the survey's
objectives . One strategy for defining survey questions is to use a
hierarchical approach , beginning with the broadest , most general
questions and ending with the most specific.
 Step in Survey Research

• Defining The Problem

The problem to be investigated by means of a survey should be
interesting and important to motivate individuals to respond.
Researchers need to define clearly their objectives in conducting a
survey. Each question should relate to one or more of the survey's
objectives . One strategy for defining survey questions is to use a
hierarchical approach , beginning with the broadest , most general
questions and ending with the most specific.
 Step in Survey Research

• Identifying the target population

That which is studied in a survey is called the unit of analysis .
Although typically people, units of analysis can also be
objects, clubs, companies, classrooms schools, government
agencies, and others. Survey data are collected from a
number of individual units of analysis to describe those units;
these descriptions are then summarized to describe the
population that the units of analysis represent.
 Step in Survey Research

• Defining The Problem

The problem to be investigated by means of a survey should be
interesting and important to motivate individuals to respond.
Researchers need to define clearly their objectives in conducting a
survey. Each question should relate to one or more of the survey's
objectives . One strategy for defining survey questions is to use a
hierarchical approach , beginning with the broadest , most general
questions and ending with the most specific.
 Step in Survey Research

• Choosing the mode of data collecting

There are four basic ways to collect data in a survey by;
administering the survey instrument "live" to a group; by mail ;
by telephone ; or through face - to - face interviews
 Step in Survey Research

1. Direct administration to a group

This method is used whenever researcher has access to all ( or
most ) of the members of a particular group in one place .
instrument is administered to all members of at the same time
and usually in the same place
 Step in Survey Research

2. Web Surveys
This method is almost the same as a regular survey, but here
using a website to get results from their target population.
 Step in Survey Research

3. Mail Surveys
When the data in a survey are col lected by mail , the
questionnaire is sent to each individual in the sample , with a
request that it be completed and then returned by a given date.
 Step in Survey Research

4. Telphone Surveys
This survey is almost the same as conducting an
interview but using the telephone as the medium,
meaning the interviewer must be ready to ask the
respondent directly by telephone.
 Step in Survey Research

5. Personal Interview
The next is a personal interview, this survey is a regular
survey conducted face to face directly.
Important Findings in Survey
Research
 Important Finding in
Survey Research

This method has many advantages. This is perhaps the

most effective survey method for soliciting the
cooperation of the respondents. Questions can be
clarified, unclear or incomplete answers can be
followed up, and so on. In-person interviews also
reduce the burden on respondents' reading and writing
skills. Besides that, there are some important findings
that we can take from this survey research.
 Important Finding in
Survey Research

• Selecting the sample

The subjects to be surveyed should be selected randomly if poossible from
the population of interest. Examining reliability through retesting and
validity through internal cross - checking partners. However, researchers
must ensure that the subjects they wish to ask have the desired information
and that they will be willing to answer these questions. Individuals who
have the required information but are not interested in the topic of the
survey, are unlikely to respond Therefore, it is often a good idea for
researchers to inquire early among potential respondents to assess their
acceptance.
 Important Finding in
Survey Research

• Preparing the Instrument

The most widely used types of instruments in survey research are questionnaires and
interview schedules. It should be attractive and not too long, and the questions should be
as easy to answer as possible. In addition, the questions in the survey must cover the 4
existing standards
1. Is this a question that can be asked exactly as it is written?
2. Is this a question that has the same meaning for everyone?
3. Is this a question that people can answer?
4. Is this a question that people are willing to answer, given the data collection procedure?
The answer to each of the previous questions for each question in the survey must be yes.
Whatever type of instrument is used the same questions must be asked of all respondents
in the sample.
 Important Finding in
Survey Research

• Types Of Questions
The nature of questions and the way they are asked are extrremely important. They must
write very carefully so that it is easily accessible to the respondents they choose. Most
surveys usually use multiple choice or closed questions. Multiple choice allows
respondents to choose their answer from a number of options. They can be used to
measure opinions, attitudes, or knowledge.
Closed ended questions are easy to use, scored and coded for analysis. Since all subjects
responded to the same choices, standard data were provided. There are several ways to
make your closed-ended questions more interesting, namely by making your questions
unambiguous, staying focused and simple on what you are discussing, and being able to
use common language.
 
 Important Finding in
Survey Research

• Pretesting the questionnaire

pretest on the questionnaires is very important before starting it.
A "pretest" of a questionnaire or interview schedule can reveal
ambiguous, poorly worded questions, questions that are not
understood. and unclear choices; can also indicate whether the
instructions given to the subject are clear.
 Important Finding in
Survey Research

• Overall Format
the format of the questionnaire was important in encouraging them to
respond. perhaps the most important rule to follow is to ensure that the
questions are spread out and can be easily understood by the subjects.
There are several formats that can be used in the questionnaire, one of
which is often used is to use a box next to the answer choices, so the
subject will tick or cross out the box according to their answer.
for those who use email as their survey, they need to prepare a cover letter
before conducting the survey, in the cover letter they can explain the
purpose of the survey.
 Important Finding in
Survey Research

• Training Interviewers
For those who conduct surveys using interviews or by telephone,
they must also do training as an interviewer. So that there are no
fatal mistakes such as writing wrong answers, giving wrong
questions or others. exercises that can be done. For example, are
when contacting the resource person or subject, then when
asking questions, investigating answers so that the subject's
answers are clearer, then also when recording or writing answers
from the subject.
 Important Finding in
Survey Research

• Noneresponse
In most surveys, some members of the sample will not answer. This is referred to as
nonresponse. It may be due to several reasons such as lack of interest in the topic being
surveyed, reluctance to be surveyed, and so on, but this is a major problem that has
increased in recent years as more and more people seem unwilling to participate in
surveys. Nonresponse is a serious problem in many surveys. Some observers suggest that
the response rate for uncomplicated face-to-face surveys by non-governmental surveying
organizations is around 70 to 75 percent. Rejection made up the majority of
nonrespondents in face-to-face interviews, with most of the remainder not at home.
Telephone surveys generally have lower response rates than face-to-face surveys
(respondents simply hang up). Response rates in mail surveys vary quite a bit, ranging
from as low as 10 percent to as high as 90 percent.
THANK YOU