Submitted by: Amna Zulfiqar
Submitted to: Dr Shahzada qaiser
Roll no: MSF1900262
Qualitative research:
Qualitative research seeks to answer questions
about why and how people behave in the way that
they do. It provides in-depth information about
human behavior.
Researcher as key instrument: The qualitative
researchers collect data themselves through
examining documents, observing behavior, and
interviewing participants.
Multiple sources of data: Qualitative researchers
typically gather multiple forms of data, such as
interviews, observations, and documents, rather
than rely on a single data source.
data analysis: inductive data analysis.
Participants' meanings: In the entire qualitative
research process, the researchers keep a focus on
learning the meaning that the participants hold
about the problem or issue, not the meaning that
the researchers bring to the research or writers
from the literature.
Emergent design: The research process for
qualitative researchers is emergent. This means
that the initial plan for research cannot be tightly
prescribed, and that all phases of the process may
change or shift after the researchers enter the field
and begin to collect data.
Collection of data: -Qualitative researchers tend to
collect data in the field at the site where
participants' experience the issue or problem
under study. They do not bring individuals into a
lab (a contrived situation), nor do they typically
send out instruments for individuals to complete.
Interpretive inquiry: Qualitative research is a form
of inquiry in which researchers make an
interpretation of what they see, hear, and
understand. The researchers' interpretations
cannot be separated from their own background,
history, context, and prior understandings.
Holistic account: Qualitative researchers try to
quantitative research:
Quantitative research is “explaining phenomena by
collecting numerical data that are analyzed using
mathematically based methods (in particular
statistics).
The quantitative researchers collect data
themselves through questionnaires or instruments
developed by other researchers.
 closed/structured questionnaires
 structured interviews.
 the experiment.
 the comparative method.
 official statistics.
 social surveys.
Data analysis: deductive data analysis.
Researchers suspends all values and offers no
personal meaning to the research participants or
the data collected researcher and subject are
separate.
Quantitative research designs are either
descriptive (subjects usually measured once) or
experimental (subjects measured before and after
a treatment). A descriptive study establishes only
associations between variables. An experiment
establishes causality.
quantitative research collects information from
existing and potential customers using sampling
methods and sending out online surveys, online
polls, questionnaires, etc., the results of which can
be depicted in the form of numerical.
Quantitative research is a way to learn about a
particular group of people, known as a sample
population. Using scientific inquiry, quantitative
research relies on data that are observed or
measured to examine questions about the sample
population.
Researchers are bound by tight cause-and-effect
develop a complex picture of the problem or relationships among factors.
issue under study. This involves reporting
multiple perspectives, identifying the many
factors involved in a situation, and generally
sketching the larger picture that emerges.
Researchers are bound not by tight cause-and-
effect relationships among factors, but rather by
identifying the complex interactions of factors in
any situation.