GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY

FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM IN CI ENGINE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
ASHISH YADAV(1900970400025)
 INTRODUCTION

• A CI engine is an engine in which the fuel charge is ignited by the heat of 

compression.
• The process of combustion in the CI engine is fundamentally different from that in a
spark-ignition engine.
• In a CI engine, air is let into the combustion chamber and compressed to a very high
pressure.
• The small, modern CI engine has a fuel consumption up to 40 percent better than that of
a gasoline engine of equivalent power.
 COMPONENTS OF FUEL INJECTION SYSTEMS
All the above systems comprise mainly of the following components.
i. Fuel tank.
ii. Fuel feed pump.
iii. Injection pump.
iv. Governor.
v. Injector to take the fuel from the pump and distribute it in the combustion chamber.
vi. Fuel filters.
WORKING PRINCIPLE

• The injection of fuel or quantity of injective fuel has a decisive on engine starting, idling
power and emissions.
• The driver requests the torque or engine speed requirements via accelerator pedal
potentiometer thereby sending a signal to the engine ECU which then, depending on
its mapping and data collected from various sensors, the required position.
Methods of Fuel Injection :
1. Air injection
2. Solid or Airless injection.

Air injection
 The rate of fuel admission can be controlled by varying the pressure of injection air.
 Storage air bottles which are kept charged by an air compressor supply the high pressure air.
Advantages:
 Provides better automisation and distribution of fuel.
 The combustion is more complete, the bmep is higher than with other types of injection system.
 Inferior fuel can be used.
Disadvantages:
 It is required a high pressure multi stage compression, which make the system complicated and expensive.
 The fuel valve sealing requires considerable skill.
Solid or Airless Injection
 Here, Injection of fuel directly into the combustion chamber without primary automisation .
It also called mechanical injection.

Main Components of Fuel Injection System

 Fuel tank
 Fuel feed pump to supply the fuel from the main fuel tank to injection pump.
 Fuel filters to prevent dust and abrasive particles from entering the pump and injectors.
 Injection pump to meter and pressurize the fuel from injection.
 Gavernor to ensure that the amount of fuel is in accordance with variation in load .
 Fuel piping and injectors to take the fuel from the pump and distribute it in the combustion
chamber by atoms it in fine droplets.

Main Types of Modern Fuel Injection System

 Common-rail injection system.
 Individual pump injection system.
 Distributor system
Fuel Injector:-
The injector consists of :-
 A nozzle valve fitted in the nozzle body.
 The nozzle valve is held on its seat by spring which exerts pressure
through the spindle.
 The adjusting screw by which the nozzle valve lift can be adjusted.
 Feeling pin which indicates whether valve is working properly or not.
 The fuel under pressure from fuel pump enter the injector through the
passage (B and C) and left the nozzle valve.
 The fuel travels down nozzle and injected into the engine cylinder in
form of fine spray.
 The pressure of oil falls, the nozzle valve occupies its seat under
spring force and fuel supply is cut off.
 Any leakage of fuel accumulated above is lead To fuel tank through
passage.
Individual pump injection system
 Here, an individual pump or pump cylinder connects directly to
each fuel nozzle.
 Pump meters charge and control injection time.
 Nozzles contain a delivery valve actuated by the fuel oil pressure.
 The time allowed for injecting such a small quantity of fuel is
limited through 20o crank angle)
 The pressure requirement is 100 to 300 bar
 COMBUSTION IN CI ENGINES

Combustion phenomenon in CI engine can be explained in the following stages :

i. First Stage (Ignition Delay Period) :
1. During this phase the fuel is injected, but it has not been ignited. This is a sort of preparatory phase.
2. Ignition delay is counted from the start of injection to the point where p- curve separates from the
pure air compression curve.
3. Ignition delay is composed of the two components :
a. Physical Delay
b. Chemical Delay
ii. Second Stage (Rapid or Uncontrolled Combustion) :
1. The rate of combustion is very high during the delay period, sufficient fuel droplets have accumulated
in fuel cylinder and they are ready to ignite.
iii. Third Stage (Controlled Combustion) :
At the end of second stage of combustion, the temperature and pressure are so high that the
fuel droplets injected in the third stage burn almost as they enter and any further pressure
rise can be controlled by purely mechanical means, i.e., by the injection rate.

iv. Fourth Stage (After Burning) :

The combustion continues even after the fuel injection is over, because of poor distribution
of fuel particles. This burning may continue in the expansion stroke upto 70 to 80 degree of
crank travel from TDC. This continued burning called the after burning.
 CONCLUSION

• Internal combustion engines are among the most important engineering applications. The
theory of application either depends on Diesel or Otto cycles. They are categorized either
according to the operating cycle, or due to the mechanism of working.
Each type of engines has some advantages over the other one. Thus, the selection of the
appropriate engine requires determining the conditions of application.