HEALTH IS WEALTH

HEALTH
• WHO
• PENDER
MODELS
• HEALTH- ILLNESS
• ATTITUDES
• HEALTH BELIEFS
• BEHAVIORS
• NEGATIVE
• POSITIVE
MODELS/FRAMEWORKS
• HBM
• ROSENTOCH’S
• Health Belief Model
• The Health Belief Model proposes that people are most likely to take preventative
action if they perceive the threat of a health risk to be serious, if they feel they are
personally susceptible and if there are fewer costs than benefits to engaging in it .
• Therefore, a central aspect of the Health Belief Model is that behavior change
interventions are more effective if they address an individual’s specific
perceptions about susceptibility, benefits, barriers, and self-efficacy .
Interventions focusing on this model may involve risk calculation and prediction,
as well as personalized advice and education.
HBM
• HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL
• PENDER
• MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
HOLISTIC HEALTH MODELS
/Occupational Dimension
/Occupational Dimension
Environmental Dimension
• Ability to promote health measure that improves:
• Standard of living
• Quality of life
 Other Models of Health
• Clinical Model
• Role Performance Model
• Adaptive Model
• Eudemonistic Model
• Agent-Host-Environment Model
• Health-Illness Continuum
 Clinical Model
• Provides the narrowest interpretation of health
• People viewed as physiologic systems
• Health identified by the absence of signs and
symptoms of disease or injury
• State of not being “sick”
• Opposite of health is disease or injury
 Role Performance Model
• Ability to fulfill societal roles
• Healthy even if clinically ill if roles fulfilled
• Sickness is the inability to perform one’s role
 Adaptive Model
• Creative process
• Disease is a failure in adaptation or maladaption
• Extreme good health is flexible adaptation to the
environment
• Focus is stability
• Element of growth and change
 Agent-Host-Environment Model
• Each factor constantly
interacts with the others
• When in balance, health
is maintained
• When not in balance, disease
occurs
 Health-Illness Continuum
• Measure person’s perceived level of wellness
• Health and illness/disease opposite ends of a health continuum
• Move back and forth within this continuum day by day
• Wide ranges of health or illness
 Factors Affecting Health Status, Beliefs, and
Practices
• Internal variables
• Biologic dimension (genetic makeup, gender, age, and developmental level)
• Psychologic dimension (mind-body interactions and self-concept)
• Cognitive dimension (intellectual factors include lifestyle choices and
spiritual and religious beliefs)

• External variables
• Physical environment
• Standards of living
• Family and cultural beliefs
• Social support networks
Factors Affecting Health Care Adherence

• Complexity, side effects, and duration of the proposed

therapy
• Specific cultural heritage that may make adherence difficult
• Degree of satisfaction and quality and type of relationship
with the health care providers
• Overall cost of prescribed therapy
 Wellness
• State of well-being
• Basic aspects include:
– Self-responsibility
– An ultimate goal
– A dynamic, growing process
– Daily decision-making in areas related to health
– Whole being of the individual
 Well-being
• Subjective perception of vitality and feeling well
• Described objectively, experienced, measured
• Can be plotted on a continuum
 Illness
• A highly personal state
• Person’s physical, emotional, intellectual, social,
developmental, or spiritual functioning is diminished
• Not synonymous with disease
• May or may not be related to disease
• Only person can say he or she is ill
Illness Behavior- coping mechanism, involves ways individuals
describe, monitor and interpret their symptoms, take remedial
actions, and use the health care system.
Suchman 5 stages of Illness
 Suchman 5 stages of Illness
3. Medical Care Contact
- Sick people seek the advise of a health professional either on
their own initiative or at the urging of significant others.
4. Assuming Dependent Role
- Accepting illness and seeking treatment
5. Recovery Rehabilitation
-This stage the client is expected to relinguish the dependent role
and resume former roles and responsibilities.
 Acute Illness
• Characterized by severe symptoms of relatively short
duration
• Symptoms often appear abruptly, subside quickly
• May or may not require intervention by health care
professionals
• Most people return to normal level of wellness
 Chronic Illness
• Lasts for an extended period
• Usually has a slow onset
• Often have periods of remissions and exacerbations
• Care includes promoting independence, sense of control,
and wellness
• Learn how to live with physical limitations and discomfort
 Disease
• Alteration in body function
• A reduction of capacities or a shortening of the normal life
span.
• Objective pathologic process
• Pathologic change in the structure or function of the mind
and body.
 Parson’s Four Aspects
of the Sick Role
• Clients are not held responsible for their condition
• Clients are not excused from certain social roles and tasks
• Clients are obligated to try to get well as quickly as possible
• Clients or their families are obligated to seek competent help
 Suchman’s Stages of
Illness
• Stage 1: Symptom experience
– Believe something is wrong
• Stage 2: Assumption of the sick role
– Accepts the sick role and seeks confirmation
• Stage 3: Medical care contact
– Seeks advice of a health professional
 • Stage 4: Dependent client role
– Becomes dependent on the professional for help
• Stage 5: Recovery or rehabilitation
– Relinquish the dependent role
– Resume former roles and responsibilities
 Impact of Illness

On the Client
• Behavioral and
emotional changes
• Loss of autonomy
• Self-concept and body
image changes
• Lifestyle changes
Impact of Illness: Family Changes
• Role changes
• Task reassignments
• Increased demands on time
• Anxiety about outcomes
• Conflict about unaccustomed responsibilities
• Financial problems
• Loneliness as a result of separation and pending loss
• Change in social customs
 Chapter 6

Health Care
Delivery Systems
Learning Outcomes
1. Differentiate health care services based on primary, secondary, and tertiary
disease prevention categories.
2. Describe the functions and purposes of the health care agencies outlined in
this chapter.
3. Identify the roles of various health care professionals.
4. Describe the factors that affect health care delivery.
5. Compare various systems of payment for health care services.

Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Types of Health Care Services/levels of health
care

•Primary prevention
• Health promotion- immunization, health
education
• Illness prevention
• School health
• Occupational health
• Physician’s office-routine
• Community health centers

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Secondary prevention

•Diagnosis
•Early detection
•Treatment
• Hospitals
 Types of Health Care Services

• Tertiary prevention
• Rehabilitation-restoration of health
• Health restoration- recovering
• Palliative care-

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Health care settings
• Primary care
• Preventive care
• Secondary acute care
• Tertiary care
• Restorative care
• Continuing Care
Health Care Agencies

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Health Care Agencies
• Government agencies
• Public health services
• Physicians’ offices
• Primary care
• Routine health screening
• Diagnosis and treatment

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Health Care Agencies
• Ambulatory care centers
• Diagnostic treatment facilities
• Minor surgery
• Occupational health clinics
• Run by companies for employees
• Health promotion activities

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Health Care Agencies
• Hospitals
• Acute inpatient services
• Outpatient and ambulatory care
• Emergency department
• Hospice care
• Subacute care
• Variation of inpatient care
• Technically complex treatments

Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Health Care Agencies
• Extended care facilities (formerly called nursing homes)
• Independent living
• Assisted, skilled, extended care facilities
• Rehabilitation
• Custodial care
• Retirement and assisted-living centers
• For clients unable to stay at home, but do not require hospital or nursing
home

Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Health Care Agencies
• Rehabilitation centers
• Restore or recuperate health
• Drug and alcohol
• Home health care agencies
• Education to clients and families
• Care to acute, chronic, or terminally ill
• Rural care hospitals
• Federal funding
• Services for rural residents

Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Health Care Agencies
• Day-care centers
• Infants or children
• Adults that cannot be left at home
• Hospice services
• Care for dying in home or facility
• Improve or maintain quality of life until death

Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Health Care Agencies
• Crisis centers
• Emergency services for life crises
• Counseling and support
• Mutual support or self-help groups
• Health problems
• Life crises

Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Issues and Changes in HCD
• Nursing shortage
• Competency
• Quality and safety in health care
• Magnet recognition program-accreditation
• Nursing informatics and technological advancements
• Globalization of healthcare
Activity
• Group 1
• Health Care Delivery System in the Philippines
• Group 2
• Filipino cultural beliefs related to health
• Group3
• Healthcare agencies in the Philippines
• Group 4
• Filipino cultural practices related to health
• Group 5
• Challenges of a Filipino Family coping with HCDS