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Health Promotion

Ghezlan Alqahtani

King Saud university

NURS512

DR.Alkadi Alshammari

March 08, 2022

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Contents

Health promotion...........................................................................................................................3

Prevention........................................................................................................................................3

Health protection.............................................................................................................................4

A model of health promotion...........................................................................................................6

An integrated approach to planning.................................................................................................8

Broader Contexts.............................................................................................................................9

Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................10

References......................................................................................................................................12
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Health promotion
Green and Kreuter (1991) define health promotion as "any combination of health education and
related organizational, economic, and environmental supports for the behavior of individuals,
groups, or communities conducive to health."
Parse (1990) states that health promotion is motivated by the desire to increase well-being and
reach the best possible health potential.
As health promotion has become an important strategy to improve health, the way health is
defined has shifted from focusing on the curative model to a focus on multidimensional aspects
such as the social, cultural, and environmental facets of life and health (Benson, 1996). 

Prevention
The most pivotal notion is the need to de-escalate the risk associated with the occurrence of an
injury, illness, disease process, handicap, disability, and unwanted state or phenomenon.
However, the traditional classification approach describes four foci of prevention as listed below.
First, prevention is meant to reduce the risk of an ailment. For example, taking coronary heart
attack, reducing risk would include securing an adequate low blood pressure, discouraging
smoking, and avoiding high blood cholesterol. In healthcare, this is referred to as prevention of
the first manifestation of a disease process.
Prevention of unwanted states of a disease process commonly referred to as prevention of the
progression of a disease process is primarily anchored on early detection favorably affecting
health outcomes. This includes various methods of picking up a presymptomatic stage of a
particular disease (Downie, Fyfe & Tannahill, 1990). Early detection through various therapeutic
efforts such as screening is the primary preventive step. For example, early detection of an
unwelcomed fetus would allow pregnancy termination.
The prevention of irreversible avoidable complications aims to decrease the consequences of a
disease. This is different from treatment since it avoids irreversible effects (Downie, Fyfe &
Tannahill, 1990). An excellent example of this kind of prevention is various efforts primarily to
prevent urinary tract infections or pressure sores in multiple sclerosis.
It is hoped that the significance of practice and philosophy of prevention is to decrease the
continua of ailments natural histories, particularly to a set of artificial compartments. In a
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nutshell, prevention can be gleaned from the practice and philosophy of prevention to decrease
the undesirability associated with various diseases (Downie, Fyfe & Tannahill, 1990). 
Studies conjecture those principles of prevention can be used in both integrative and
complementary medicine by infusing the two into prevalent practices (Ali & Katz, 2019).
However, there is a need to use detailed conclusive data to provide a framework to make clinical
decisions that are not only based on integrative therapies.
Health protection.
It consists of fiscal and legal controls, other policies and regulations, and a voluntary code of
practice to prevent ill health and enhance positive health. Health protection is a significant
practice since it decreases the likelihood of behaving unhealthily when encountering various
environmental hazards. This increases their chance of living in a healthy environment and thus
promotes health.
Legal control is the legislative measure. They are supported mainly by statutory criteria
(Downie, Fyfe & Tannahill, 1990). They include driving, drinking, wearing seat belts in cars,
among other measures.
 Fiscal measures are the ones that are embedded in healthcare financing. Most of these policies
are tax-focused. They are used to regulate behaviors. An excellent example of a health measure
meant to control behavior is the tendency to tax alcoholic and tobacco products to decrease
health problems (Downie, Fyfe & Tannahill, 1990). The reasoning behind taxing the
consequences is that the consumers will find the products so expensive and thus shun away from
such practices, thus promoting health behaviors.
Other regulations and policies imply that regulatory actions are not exclusive to governing
authorities. This is because oped policies are coming in workplaces to ensure that the employees
have a healthy environment (Downie, Fyfe & Tannahill, 1990). For example, most workplaces
are characterized by policies related to smoking and alcoholism.
Voluntary codes are known to be one f the poorest substitutes for compulsion. Health behaviors
are an agreement between the government and private entities. For example, advertising and
promotion of alcoholic products is a procedure that involves an agreement between the
government and the alcoholic industry (Downie, Fyfe & Tannahill, 1990). Frequent breaches
characterize this type of health protection.
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However, the book postulates that various barriers characterize health protection policies. This
includes the clashes of interests between government departments, and thus, regulatory actions in
favor of health are viewed as a simple process of neglect. The article postulates that deterrents
increases in taxation of tobacco clash with national interests since tobacco revenues are one of
the leading sources of government revenues (Downie, Fyfe & Tannahill, 1990). This makes it
hard to discourage smoking with any rapidity. In addition to the clashing government interests,
national health protection stems from enormous power characterized by vested interests that
interfere with public policies. Businesses in strong positions perpetuate unhealthy behaviors by
opposing pro-health policies to maximize profit margin. Political influence is another hindrance
to health protection. National political influence is always characterized by the power of vested
interest over the media and the public. The control over the media is permanently exhibited in
lucrative advertisements described "with a string attached." On the other side, power over the
public takes the form of marketing strategies control over the pricing and availability of the
products for the consumers.
To avoid the unethical practice of restricting people's freedom of choice, it has been wrong to
endeavor in various techniques that would have yielded more outcomes in health promotion.
Some of them include compulsory control on tobacco sponsorship and advertising. The
promoters of individual autonomy in healthy behaviors hold that people are rational and thus
they can make their free choices to maximize their health interests. For the common good,
society has accepted a great deal of regulation, and therefore it would be ironic to treat
manufacturers of cigarettes lightly (Downie, Fyfe & Tannahill, 1990). Thus, the pro-health lobby
argument of demanding steep and sharp increases that outstrip inflation can be counter-argued by
postulating that such growth would hit the poor the most. However, it would be reasonable to
protect healthy behaviors by fiscal actions to ensure that products such as alcohol and tobacco do
not become cheaper in an absolute sense.
A model of health promotion.
Health promotion models are primarily concerned with examining people's attitudes toward
health and their own experiences about it. According to the hypothesis, to comprehend most
people's health-related decisions, one would need to look at their lifestyles, psychological health,
and social and cultural environments. For example, one may see why someone may suffer from a
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severe illness such as obesity if they do not consume fresh vegetables because they did not grow
up eating them.
Pender's Health Promotion Model (HPM), developed in the 1980s and refined in1996,
investigates the various biopsychosocial elements that influence individuals' willingness to
engage in health promotion activities.
The health promotion model (HPM) represents the many multidimensional aspects people
engage in as they strive for maximum health.
•     The Health Belief Model
According to the Health Belief Model, a person's confidence in a diagnosed condition, together
with their belief in the effectiveness of a treatment, predicts their chance of adopting a change. If
someone is suffering from a disease that is difficult to diagnose, it may be more difficult for them
to prioritize therapy for the underlying reason.
Health practitioners might take quick action based on this concept, such as informing someone
that they are either susceptible to or suffering from a significant medical illness. Furthermore, if
people do not experience the symptoms and express anxiety toward medical counsel, they may
expect them to challenge the medical approach.
Following this initial outcome, a well-informed recommendation regarding risk factors that can
worsen sickness may be made. The HBM must be used as a foundation for developing strategies
in more severe circumstances of noncompliance by healthcare organizations.
The Transtheoretical Model
• When a healthcare provider advises a patient about a potential medical concern and teaches
them about preventive measures, the patient may believe what the healthcare professional is
telling them but choose not to take immediate action. When making this decision, we considered
the possibility that when someone receives information about their health, they may pause to
consider it before acting on it. Consequently, the transtheoretical theory describes the stages that
an individual may travel through:
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An integrated approach to planning.

 The article presupposes an integrated approach to planning a comprehensive health education
program, particularly with key groups in society that dovetailed specific health promotion
measures and preventive services. These measures and services are tailored towards the needs of
people and the places of interest (Downie, Fyfe & Tannahill, 1990). The figure below simplifies
an integrated approach to health planning that focuses on critical groups and critical settings.
Promotion to develop health promotion in primary care settings.

Figure 1: An integrated approach to health promotion planning.

The figure shows that area-wide efforts may be made to establish programs with the
desired groups such as the elderly or even in a particular setting such as school. This gives
professionals working in locally sensitive teams access to various groups and locations in the
pinpointed patch.
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Broader Contexts.
Healthy People2030 "invite[s] individuals, communities, and professionals to take
concrete efforts to ensure that everyone can enjoy excellent health and a long life" (USDHHS,
2012).Healthy People 2030's broad objectives include achieving high-quality, longer lives free of
preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death; achieving equity, eliminating
disparities, and improving the health of all groups; creating physical environments and social that
promote good health for all; and advancing quality of life, healthy development, and healthy
behaviors across all life stages.
In terms of public health programs, the MOH continues to implement several programs and
activities, such as education health campaigns and health promotion campaigns, which attracted
over 3 million people and covered a wide range of important health topics, such as diabetes,
breast cancer detection, colon cancer, breast cancer, malaria, influenza, kidneys, tuberculosis,
heart, arthritis, and osteoporosis. In addition, the Ministry of Health has made significant efforts
to strengthen the 937 center's operation mechanism, resulting in more than 100,000 medical
consultations and more than 15,000 medical consultations via social media platforms.

Conclusion: According to the current study's findings, university students are leading unhealthy
lives, with most of them engaging in bad eating habits and insufficient physical activity levels.
Universities are excellent locations for conducting health-promoting initiatives in the
community. As a result, developing and implementing programs that encourage students to take
greater responsibility for their health, participate in more physical activity, adopt healthy eating
habits, and engage in other wellness types are critical.
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References

 Ali, A., & Katz, D. L. (2019). Disease prevention and health promotion: how integrative

medicine fits. American journal of preventive medicine, 49(5), S230-S240. Retrieved

from https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.amepre.2015.07.019

 Downie, R. S., Fyfe, C., & Tannahill, A. (1990). Health promotion: models and values.

Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/healthpromotionm0000down/page/26/mode/

1up?q=health&view=theater

 Kumar, S., & Preetha, G. S. (2012). Health promotion: an effective tool for global

health. Indian journal of community medicine: official publication of Indian Association

of Preventive & Social Medicine, 37(1), 5. Retrieved from

https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2F0970-0218.94009

 Public health. (2017). Health promotion. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/G2quVLcJVBk

 Almutairi, K. M., Alonazi, W. B., Vinluan, J. M., Almigbal, T. H., Batais, M. A.,

Alodhayani, A. A., Alsadhan, N., Tumala, R. B., Moussa, M., Aboshaiqah, A. E., &

Alhoqail, R. I. (2018). Health promoting lifestyle of university students in Saudi Arabia:

a cross-sectional assessment. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1093. https://doi-

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 M. Tahir, “Smoking and its risks in Saudi Arabia: literature review,”Hamdan Medical

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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349037737_Determinants_and_Prevalence_of_

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 Itumalla, R., & Aldhmadi, B. (2020). Combating tobacco use in Saudi Arabia: a review

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