Disease Prevention & Health

Promotion
Preventive health
Health promotion and awareness
Environmental health

Presented by:
Hajira sohail (Roll#3)
Presented To:
Sir Saeed Ur Rashid
Definition
Health promotion
“enables people to increase control over their
own health. It covers a wide range of social
and environmental interventions that are
designed to benefit and protect individual
people’s health and quality of life by
addressing and preventing the root causes of
ill health, not just focusing on treatment and
cure.”
(WHO)
Health promotion: Basic strategies
The Ottawa Charter, First International
Conference on Health Promotion, Ottawa,
1986 identifies three basic strategies for health
promotion:
 advocacy for health to create the essential
conditions for health;
 enabling all people to achieve their full
health potential;
mediating between the different interests in
society in the pursuit of health.
Action areas
These strategies are supported by five
priority action areas
Build healthy public policy
Create supportive environments for health
Strengthen community action for health
Develop personal skills
Re-orient health service
Approaches to Health Promotion
APPROACHES IN HEALTH
PROMOTION
Medical or Preventive
 Behavioural Change
 Educational
 Empowerment
Social Change
THE MEDICAL APPROACH
Aim is freedom from medically-defined
disease and disability such as infectious
diseases
 Involves medical intervention to prevent
or ameliorate ill-health
 Values preventive medical procedures
and the medical profession’s
responsibility to ensure that patients
comply with recommended procedures
THE BEHAVIOUR CHANGE
APPROACH
Aim is to change people’s individual attitudes and
behaviour so that they adopt a healthy lifestyle
 Examples include teaching people how to stop
smoking, encouraging people to take exercise, eat
the right food, look after their teeth etc
 Proponent of this approach will be convinced that
a healthy lifestyle is in the interest of their clients
and that they are responsible to encourage as
many people as possible to adopt a healthy
lifestyle
THE EDUCATIONAL APPROACH
Aim is to give information and ensure
knowledge and understanding of health issues
and to enable well informed decisions to be
made
 Information about health is presented and
people are helped to explore their values and
attitudes and make their own decisions •
Help in carrying out those decisions and
adopting new health practices may also be
offered
Proponent of this approach will value the
educational process and respect the right
of the individual to choose their own
health behaviour
Resposibility to raise with clients the
health issues which they think will be in
their client’s best interests
THE CLIENT-CENTRED APPROACH
(EMPOWERMENT)
Aim is to work with clients in order to help
them to identify what they want to know
about and take action on and make their
own decisions and choices according to
their own interest and values
Health promoter’s role is to act as a
facilitator in helping people to identify their
own concerns and gain the knowledge and
skills they require to make things happen
 Self-empowerment of the client is seen
as central to this aim
Clients are valued as equal who have
knowledge, skills and abilities to
contribute, and who have an absolute right
to control their own health destinies
THE SOCIETAL CHANGE
APPROACH
Aim is to effect changes on the physical,
social and economic environment, in order
to make it more conducive to good health
 Focus is on changing society not on
changing the behavior of individuals
Proponent of this approach will value their
democratic right to change society and will
be committed to putting health on the
political agenda
Disease prevention
Disease prevention commonly refers to
interventions (either population or
individual-based) which aim to minimise
the burden of diseases and associated risk
factors.
(WHO 2017)
Levels of disease prevention
1. Primary prevention:
refers to actions that avoid the manifestation of a disease.
Primary prevention services and activities include: 
 Vaccination and post-exposure prophylaxis of children, adults
and the elderly;
 Provision of information on behavioural and medical health risks,
and measures to reduce risks at the individual and population
levels; 
 Inclusion of disease prevention programmes at primary and
specialized health care levels, such as access to preventive
services (ex. counselling); and
 Nutritional and food supplementation; and
 Dental hygiene education and oral health services.
2)Secondary prevention
“identify and treat asymptomatic persons who have already
developed risk factors or preclinical disease but in whom the
condition is not clinically apparent”
 Population-based screening programmes for early detection of
diseases; 
 Provision of maternal and child health programmes, including
screening and prevention of congenital malformations; and
 Provision of chemo-prophylactic agents to control risk factors
(e.g., hypertension)

secondary prevention includes two groups of measures:

1. measures for early diagnosis and
2. measures for prompt treatment.
1) Measure for Early diagnosis of
diseases
 Early diagnosis of diseases is most usually done through
daily routine work of the health service, systematic and
periodical check-ups, as well as through targeted
screening check-ups of the population or certain risk
groups – method of tracking or screening.
 Classic examples of tracking are the fluorography of the
lungs for early detection and treatment of TBC and the
blood pressure measuring for detection and treatment of
hypertension. mammography for early detection of the
breast cancer, monitoring the eye pressure for early
detection of glaucoma etc
2) Measures for prompt treatment
Itis a curative – therapeutic part of the
health care intended to hold back and stop
the pathological process, to prevent
further clinical development of the
disease, to limit the disability and to
prevent complications and consequences.
Tertiary prevention
 These measures include identification and taking care of
those conditions that could not be cured or leave
consequences despite the treatment.
 The aim is to maintain the quality of life.
 The third level of prevention comprises also two groups
of measures:
1. measures for rehabilitation and
2. measures for support and palliative care
Measures for rehabilitation
The aim of the rehabilitation is to impede
or diminish the sequels, to shorten the
disability period, to prevent the invalidity,
to prevent premature dead and to decrease
the health care costs.
Measures for support and palliative care
Measures for support and palliative care
are given to individuals where the disease,
despite the conveyed treatment and
rehabilitation, has left permanent
consequences as invalidity and work
disability, dependence on other people’s
help and care of end-oflife stage diseases
etc.