RAM Design and

Review
ARCHITECTURAL UTILITIES

Prepared by Arch. Angelo Amor R.

Macayana UAP

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 LIGHTING

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 INCIDENCE
The striking of a ray of light or
sound wave on a surface.

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 REFLECTION
The return of light, sound, or radiant heat
after striking a surface.

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 REFRACTION
The change of direction of a ray of light as it
passes obliquely from one medium into
another in which its velocity is different.

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 ANGLE OF INCIDENCE

The angle that a

straight line, as a
ray of light falling
on a surface,
makes with a
normal to the
surface at the
point of incidence.
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 ANGLE OF REFLECTION
The angle that a
reflected ray
makes with a
normal to a
reflecting
surface at the
point of
incidence.

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 LAW OF REFLECTION
The principle that when light or sound is
reflected from a smooth surface, the
angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
reflection, and the incident ray, the
reflected ray, and the normal to the
surface all lie in the same place.

Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection

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 SPECULAR
Directed from a smooth, polished surface.

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 Diffusion
A scattered reflection of light from an
irregular surface or an erratic
dispersion through a translucent
material.

DIFFUSE
Dispersed from an irregular surface.

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 DIFFRACTION
The modulation of light or sound waves as
they bend around the edges of an obstacle
in their path.

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 ANGLE OF REFRACTION
The angle that a
refracted ray
makes with a
normal to the
interface
between two
media at the
point of
incidence.

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 REFLECTANCE

The ratio of the radiation

reflected by a surface to
the total incident on the
surface.

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 ABSORPTANCE

The ratio of the radiation

absorbed by a surface to
the total incident on the
surface.

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 TRANSMITTANCE

The ratio of the radiation

transmitted through and
emerging from a body to the
total incident on it, equivalent
to one minus the absorptance.

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 TRANSLUCENT

Transmitting and
diffusing light so that
bodies on the opposite
side are not clearly
visible.

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 TRANSPARENT

Capable of
transmitting light so
that bodies
situated beyond or
behind can be
distinctly seen.

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 LAMP

Any of various
devices for
producing light
or heat, as by
electricity or gas

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 INCANDESCENCE

The emission of visible light

by a body when heated to
a high temperature.

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 INCANDESCENT LAMP
A lamp in which a filament gives off light
when heated to incandescence by an
electric current. Also called light bulb.

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 FILAMENT

The threadlike
conductor of an
electric lamp
that is heated to
incandescence
by the passage
of an electric
current.

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 BULB
The glass housing of an
incandescent lamp, filled
with an inert gas mixture,
usually of argon and
nitrogen, to retard
evaporation of the filament.
Its shape is designated by
a letter, followed by a
number that indicates the
lamp diameter.
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 LAMP DIAMETER

The maximum
diameter of
a lamp bulb,
measured in
eighths of
an inch.

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 MAXIMUM OVERALL LENGTH
The dimension in
inches from the
base of a lamp to
the point on the
bulb farthest
away, or the
base-to-base
dimension of a
lamp having a
base at each
end.
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 LIGHT CENTER LENGTH

The distance in
inches from the
center of the
filament of a
lamp and a
reference point
on the lamp
base.

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 LAMP BASE

The part of a
lamp that
connects to
a lamp
holder.

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 LAMP HOLDER

A device for
mechanically
supporting and
making electrical
contact with a
lamp. Also called
lamp socket.

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 EXTENDED-SERVICE LAMP
A lamp designed for
reduced energy
consumption and
a life longer than
the
conventionally
set value for its
general class.
Also called long
life lamp.

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 KINDS OF BULB
A BULB

The standard
rounded shape
for the bulbs of
general-service
incandescent
lamp.

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 KINDS OF BULB
B BULB

A flame-shaped
bulb for low-
wattage
decorative
incandescent
lamps.

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 KINDS OF BULB
C BULB

A cone-shaped
bulb for low-
wattage
decorative
incandescent
lamps.

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 KINDS OF BULB
CA BULB

A candle-shaped
bulb for low-
wattage
decorative
incandescent
lamps.

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 KINDS OF BULB
R BULB
A reflector bulb of blown
glass for incandescent
and high-intensity-
discharge lamps, having
an internal reflective
coating and either a
clear frosted glass front
to provide the desired
beam spread.

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 KINDS OF BULB
PAR BULB
A parabolic aluminized
reflector bulb of cast
glass for incandescent
and high intensity-
discharge lamps, having
a precisely formed
internal reflector and a
lensed front to provide
the desired beam
spread.
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 KINDS OF BULB
ER BULB
An ellipsoidal reflector bulb
for incandescent lamps,
having a precise formed
internal reflector that
collects light and
redirects it into a
dispersed pattern at
some distance in front of
the light source.

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 KINDS OF BULB
A/SB BULB

An A bulb having a
hemispherical
reflective silver
bowl opposite the
lamp base to
decrease glare.

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 KINDS OF BULB
G BULB

A globe-shaped
bulb for
incandescent
lamps, having a
low brightness for
exposed use.

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 KINDS OF BULB
PS BULB

A pear-shaped bulb
for large
incandescent
lamps.

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 KINDS OF BULB
S BULB

A straight-sided
bulb for low-
wattage
decorative
incandescent
lamps.

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 KINDS OF BULB
MR BULB

A multifaceted reflector
bulb for tungsten-
halogen lamps, having
highly polished
reflectors arranged in
discrete segments to
provide the desired
beam spread.
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 KINDS OF BULB
TB BULB

A quartz bulb for

tungsten-halogen
lamps, similar in
shape to the A
bulb but having
an angular profile.

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 BALLAST
A device for
maintaining the
current through a
fluorescent or HID
lamp at the desired
constant value and
sometimes also
providing the
required starting
voltage and
current.

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 STARTER

A device used with a

ballast to provide
the starting voltage
for a preheat
fluorescent lamp.

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 T BULB

A tubular bulb for

incandescent,
fluorescent, and
high intensity-
discharge
lamps.

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 CIRCLINE LAMP

A doughnut-shaped
fluorescent lamp
for circular
luminaires.

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 U-BENT LAMP

A U-shaped
fluorescent lamp
for square or
rectangular
luminaires.

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 COMPACT FLUORESCENT BULB
Any of various small,
improved efficiency
fluorescent lamps
having a single,
double, or U-shaped
tube, and often an
adapter for fitting an
incandescent
lampholder.

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 BT BULB

A bulged
tubular bulb
for high-
intensity-
discharge
lamps.

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 E BULB

An ellipsoidal
bulb for high-
intensity-
discharge
lamps.

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 LUMINOUS INTENSITY
The luminous flux emitted per unit solid
angle by a light source, expressed in
candelas.
Candela
The basic SI unit of luminous intensity, equal to the
luminous intensity of a source that emits
monochromatic radiation of frequency 540x1012
hertz and that has a radiant intensity of 1/683 watt
per steradian. Also called standard candle.
(Abbr:Cd)
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 LUMINOUS FLUX
The rate of flow of visible light per unit time,
expressed in lumens.
Lumen
The SI unit of luminous flux equal to the light
emitted in a solid angle of one steradian by a
uniform point source having an intensity of one
candela. (Abbr:Im)

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 ILLUMINATION

The intensity of light falling at any given

place on a lighted surface, equal to
the luminous flux incident per unit
area and expressed in lumens per unit
of area. Also called illuminance.

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 LUMINANCE
The quantitative measure of brightness of a
light source or an illuminated surface,
equal to the luminous intensity per unit
projected area of the source or surface
viewed from a given direction.
LAMBERT
A unit of luminance or brightness equal to 0.32
candela per square centimeter. (Abbr:L)

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 TRACK LIGHTING
Lighting provided by adjustable spotlights
mounted along a narrow, ceiling or wall-
mounted metal track through which current
is conducted.

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 5.0 LIGHTING
6.10 Luminaires Ceiling-Mounted Downlights
(Or Lighting Fixtures)

is the device which supports the

source or sources of electric
light and redirects or helps to
control the light rays from the
source. Control of the rays is
necessary to secure even
distribution, to avoid glare, to
cut-off direct rays to the eyes,
and eliminates disturbing
reflection of the rays from
polished surfaces.
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Spotlights Pendants
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Wall Lights Task and Table Lights
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Floor Lights Fluorescent Fittings
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Oddities Exterior Lights
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6.11 Classifications of
Luminaires
1. Indirect
90% to 100% of the light
output is directed towards
the ceiling and upper
walls of the room.

2. Semi-indirect
60% to 90% of the light is
directed upwards; 40% to
10% downwards.

3. General diffuse or
direct-indirect
provides approximately
equal distribution of light
upwards and downwards.

4. Semi-direct
60% to 90% of light is
directed downwards;
while 40% to 10% is
directed upwards.

5. Direct
90% - 100% of the light
output is directed
downwards
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6.12 Lighting Systems

1. Cornice Lighting
a system where light sources
are shielded by a panel parallel
to the wall and attached to the
ceiling to distribute light
downwards over the wall. This is
considered as direct lighting.

2. Cove Lighting
a system where light sources
are shielded by a ledge to
distribute light upwards over the
ceiling and upper wall. It is a
form of indirect lighting.

3. Valance Lighting
a system where light sources
are shielded by a panel parallel
to the wall usually across the top
of a window. This provides light

6.13 Lighting Methods
1. Local Lighting
method which employs lamps at
definite points where light is
specially needed producing
pools of light mingled with areas
of shadows. It is the very
opposite of uniform illumination.
The location of lamps in this
method usually depends upon
the position of furniture or the
position of activity areas.
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3. Combined Local and
General Lighting (sometimes
called Localized Lighting)
provides sufficient general
lighting to illuminate various
objects in the room and at the
same time furnishes additional
local lamps at desks, reading
tables, showcases and other
equipment needing additional
illumination

2. General Lighting
this method strives for diffused
light and uniform intensity over
an entire area. The lamps are
evenly spaced without regard to
furniture location and are
provided with reflectors, baffles
or diffusing prisms to prevent

6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable
Seeing Conditions
1. Intensity of Illumination
intensity of light required will
depend upon the tasks involved
as follows
a) for casual work, as in conferencing,
interviewing and inactive filing – 10 to 30 fc
b) for moderate work, as in intermittent filing
and general clerical work – 30 to 50 fc
c) for prolonged work, as in active filing,
index referencing and mail sorting – 50 to
100 fc
d) for precision work, as in accounting,
auditing, tabulating, bookkeeping, business
machine operation, reading poor
reproductions and rough layout drafting –
100 to 150 fc
e) for fine precision work, as in cartography,
designing and detail drafting – 150 to 200 fc
5.0 LIGHTING
2. Quality of Light
Light Distribution depends upon:
Uniformity
freedom from variations of illumination in a
room or space. Absolute uniformity signifies
same intensity throughout and it is not
always practicable to attain. A deviation of
25% from the average intensity cannot be
detected by the eye, and is considered an
acceptable maximum.
Diffusion
refers to the number of directions and angles
from which illuminating rays proceed. Good
diffusion is obtained when light falls upon a
matte or satin surface from a variety of
directions thus eliminating shadows and
streaks of brilliancy. Poor diffusion results
from illumination from one direction only thus
causing visual confusion because of distorted
highlights and shadows
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Absence of Glare
Glare is defined as the effect of brightness in the field of
vision which causes annoyance or discomfort, or in worse
cases, interferes with seeing. When the glare is caused by
light sources in the field of vision, it is known as “direct
glare” or “disability glare”. When glare is caused by the
reflection of a light source in a viewed surface, it is known as
“reflected glare” or “discomfort glare”.

Bare lamps or brilliant fixture globes should never be in the

line of sight from any point in the room. An angle of 45 deg.
between the horizontal and the line of sight (line from the
lamp to the eye) is generally accepted as the greatest
permissible angle.

Color of Light
depends upon the type of lamp chosen. Incandescent lamps
provide yellow light; although there are many other colors
depending upon the color of their glass bulbs. Fluorescent
lamps have the greatest variety of colors ranging from
daylight to bluish white and even pinkish white. Color is also
used to enhance certain qualities. For example, de luxe FL
lamps are used to enhance food in restaurants.

6.15 Lighting Terms
1. Absorption
Loss of light when light rays
strikes or traverses any medium.
The ratio of light absorbed by a
material to the light falling upon
it is called the “absorption factor”
or “absorptance”.
2. Diffuse Reflection
a beam of light is reflected
diffusely, that is, its ray is
scattered in all directions, if it
strikes a rough or matte surface.
3. Specular Reflection
a beam of light is specularly
reflected when a light ray
striking a shiny or glossy surface
at an angle of incidence is
reflected as the same beam with
equal angle of reflection.
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4. Reflectance
also called “reflection factor”; it is the
ratio of light reflected by a surface to
the light falling upon it.
5. Transmission
is the passage of light through a
medium when light falls upon a
transparent material. It is “refracted”
(bent) as it passes through the
material but emerges at the same
angle that it entered. When passing
through a translucent material, such
as plastic, and the emerging rays
are spread in all directions, it is
called “diffused transmission”.
6. Transmittance
also called “transmission factor”; it is
the ratio of light transmitted to light
striking the surface.

7. Accent Lighting
directional lighting to emphasize a
space or an object.
8. Down Light
a fixture producing concentrated
direct lighting from a single bulb. It
may be recessed in or mounted on
the ceiling
9. High Hat
a term often applied to a can-type of
recessed incandescent downlight.
10. Eye Ball
recessed or semi-recessed lighting
unit with a rotating spherical element
that may be turned to project light in
any direction.
11. Lumiline
a tubular fluorescent lamp with a
disc base at each end.
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12. Luminance Ceiling
a false ceiling of diffusing material
with light sources mounted above
13. Filter
device which changes either amount
or color, or both. of light passing
through it.
14. Dimmer
a device to control the amount of
light by reducing the voltage or the
current; also called a “rayostat”.
15. Capacitor
An electric component which
consists of conducting plates
insulated from each other by a layer
of dielectric material; introduces
capacitance into a circuit.
Capacitance is the quantitative
measure of the electric-energy
storage capability of a capacitor;
usually measured in farads or
microfarads.
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Lighting Symbols
LIGHTING

END