Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Literature review
Gaining entrance
Cultural immersion
Acquiring informants
Gathering data
Analysis of data
Theory development
Role of
Researcher
• Is the primary data collection tool
• Enters the world for an extended period of time, asking questions, observing,
participating, & collecting whatever data are available
• Observe behavior but go beyond it to inquire about the meaning of it
• researcher’s role is to make inferences from their observations & then to test
these inferences over time with their population until they are confident
they have an adequate description of the culture
• Must set aside biases & explicate beliefs
Advantages
: • Ethnography immerses the project team in participants’ lives and enables a
relationship to develop with research participants over the period of
study;
• Ethnography provides a rich source of visual data and helps to reveal
unarticulated needs;
• Ethnography captures behavior in the different contexts of everyday
life;
• Ethnography places a human face on data through real-life stories that
teams can relate to and remember;
• Ethnography provides understanding behind ‘statistics’;
• Ethnography allows emotional behavior to be captured;
• By carrying out research in the everyday life environments of participants it
helps to identify discrepancies between what people say they do and what
they actually do.
Disadvantage
s
• Investigate complex issue
• A voice for understanding
• Expansive and difficult
• Ethics
2. Phenomenology
Phenomenology is s 20th century philosophical movement dedicated to
describing the structure of experience as they present themselves to
consciousness ,without resources to theory ,deduction, or assumptions
from other discipline such as the natural sciences.
Describes the meaning of the lived experience about a concept or a
phenomenon for several individuals.
It has roots in the philosophical perspectives of Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre,
Merleau-Ponty, etc.
Seeks to achieve a deep understanding of the phenomenon by rigorous,
systematic examination of it.
Its purpose is to describe the essences of lived experiences
Philosophical Tenets
• Whatever is known must appear in consciousness
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Case Study
cont.
• Data collection strategies include direct
observation, interviews, documents,
archival records, participant observation,
physical artifacts and audiovisual materials.
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Disadvantage
s• Inability to Replicate
• Hawthorne Effect
• Researcher Bias
• Time Intensive
• Possibility of Errors
• Ethical Issues
6. Feminist Research
According to Hester Eisenstein in her text contemporary feminist
thought explain that from the perspective the term “feminist” holds an
element of “ visionary and futuristic thought”.
• Uses feminist theory as the philosophical underpinning of the
approach.
• Assumes most formal knowledge is generated by men.
• Assumes that patriarchy and the use of power is harmful to
women.
• Some feminists also recognize social class and race as socially
generated constructs that are used to oppress others.
Feminist Research is often classified in the
“qualitative research” family because:
• It is used to generate new knowledge.
• It’s purpose is to create social change.
• It argues against the “top-down,” hierarchal relationships associated
with male-dominated knowledge by minimizing the social distance
between researcher and subject. Respondents often participate in
the research process.
• It focuses on the position in society of research subjects and the
researcher.
• The perspectives or standpoint of the subject and researcher are
central in data collection and analysis.
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7. Action Research
• Action research “ is a way of doing research and working on solving a
problem at the same time” - Cormack 1991.
• The method was developed to allow researcher and participants work
together to analyze social system with a view to changing them. In
other words, to achieve specific goals.
• Example: include analysis of peoples health problem in a particular
area by health professional with the aim of producing appropriate
treatment and health promotion programmes.
According to smith (1986)
Action research “is a process
containing both investigation
and the use of its findings”
Action
research:-
• Has an educational function.
• Deals with individuals as members of social group.
• Is problem focused , context specific and future oriented.
• Involve a change intervention.
• Aims at improvement and involvement.
• Involves a cyclic process in which research, action and evaluation are
interlinked.
• Is found in a research relationship where those involved are
participants in the change process.
Cyclic Process of Action
Research
Identify the problem Discussion of problem
Review of literature
Implement change
Action research
A cyclic process
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