MEET 2 - STOCK AND FLOW

PUTRI AMELIA S.T, M.T, M.ENG

PUTRI AMELIA M.ENG

JENIS MODEL SISTEM DINAMIK
SIMBOL SYMBOL DI STELLA
NO SIMBOL KETERANGAN

1   Level / Stock

2   Flow /Rate

3   Converter

4   Connector
FOUR CHARACTERISTICS OF STOCKS

1. Have memory
2. Change the time shape of flows
3. Decouple flows
4. Create delays

PUTRI AMELIA M.ENG

HAVE MEMORY

PUTRI AMELIA M.ENG

CREATE DELAYS

PUTRI AMELIA M.ENG

ATTENTION THE RELATION MODEL!
◦Rate – Level
◦Converter – Rate
◦Converter – Converter
◦Level – Rate
◦Rate – Rate
◦Level – Rate
◦Rate – Converter
◦Level – Level
◦Converter - Level
PUTRI AMELIA M.ENG
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS FOR STOCK AND FLOW
EQUATIONS

 In the physical sciences and engineering, any equation representing a real-

world process needs to have the units (i.e. dimensions) balanced on each
side of the ‘=’ sign (Dangerfield 2014).
 This is also an important activity in system dynamics, as it provides an
excellent validation mechanism for any simulation model.

PUTRI AMELIA M.ENG

1. WHAT IS THE DIMENSION ?

PUTRI AMELIA M.ENG

ANSWER

PUTRI AMELIA M.ENG

2. WHAT IS INFLOW AND OUTFLOW?

PUTRI AMELIA M.ENG

ANSWER

PUTRI AMELIA M.ENG

STOCK AND FLOW SYSTEM

Make stock flow diagram for : Customer, Recruit, Loss ?

What is the unit the dimension?

PUTRI AMELIA M.ENG

A SYSTEM DYNAMICS MODEL OF CUSTOMERS

PUTRI AMELIA M.ENG

MAKE STOCK AND FLOW DIAGRAM ??

 For example, in a given week, if 1000 people contact influenza and 800
people recover from their bout of the virus, the net flow for the week is
+200, which is the difference of the two flows. Because the difference
is greater than zero, the prevalence will rise over this time period.

PUTRI AMELIA M.ENG

MAKE STOCK FLOW DIAGRAM IN CASE:
POPULATION?

PUTRI AMELIA M.ENG

POPULATION 1

PUTRI AMELIA M.ENG

POPULATION 2

PUTRI AMELIA M.ENG

FORMULA - MODEL OF CUSTOMERS

PUTRI AMELIA M.ENG

FEEDBACK

Meadows (2008) describes a feedback loop as:

A closed chain of causal connections from a stock, through a set of decisions or rules or physical laws or actions that are
dependent on the level of the stock, and back again through a flow to change the stock.
A feedback loop is a chain of circular causal links, where the level of a stock influences a flow, which in turn will change the
stock. The stock can influence the flow directly, or that influence could be determined through a series of intermediate
auxiliary variables.

PUTRI AMELIA M.ENG

 CAUSALITY OF STOCK AND FLOW SYSTEM

 a System Dynamics model is that the state of system

is self-modifying according to feedback and can be
expressed visually.
 The box represents a Stock, a quantity of interest in a
system that is subject to accumulation, and/or de-
accumulation according to the Rate of Flow into/out-of
the stock shown by the valve symbol.
 The cloud symbol indicates the system boundary. This
shows that the source or sink of the flow is outside the
scope of our system of interest.
PUTRI AMELIA M.ENG
CAUSALITY

PUTRI AMELIA M.ENG

POSITIVE FEEDBACK

PUTRI AMELIA M.ENG

LET’S THINK ABOUT THIS CASE:
EVALUATE (STOCK AND FLOW VARIABLE)

1. Warehouse inventory (stock keeping units), which is the amount of stock

within the four walls of a warehouse at a given point in time.
2. Employees in an organization (people) across all processes and functions.

3. The number of people suffering from an illness in the population.

PUTRI AMELIA M.ENG

BOUNDARY SYSTEM

Forrester (1968) defines an important principle, centered on the idea of a

system boundary:
 In concept a feedback system is a closed system. Its dynamic behavior arises
within its internal structure. Any interaction which is essential to the behavior
mode must be included inside the system boundary.

PUTRI AMELIA M.ENG

EXOGENOUS VS ENDOGENOUS SYSTEM

 Endogenous refers to the idea that actions are caused by factors from inside
of the system. With the endogenous viewpoint behavior can be explained
through the system’s feedback structure, and not through the actions of an
external, uncontrollable, exogenous source.
 Exogenous, as the value has its source outside of the system. In other words,
this exogenous variable is not influenced by any other model variable.

PUTRI AMELIA M.ENG

EXOGENOUS VS ENDOGENOUS SYSTEM

PUTRI AMELIA M.ENG

WHAT IS EXO OR ENDO?

Shows exponential growth in the state variable. This growth would continue indefinitely but in practice an exogenous factor would come
in to play and limit the growth. Conceptually we could think of the source of the thing that is growing being exhausted outside of our
system boundary.

PUTRI AMELIA M.ENG

WHAT IS POLARITY OF THIS MODEL?

PUTRI AMELIA M.ENG

ANSWER:

PUTRI AMELIA M.ENG