PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO

COLLEGE OF COMPUTING AND ENGINEERING

COURSE CODE: CPP111

COURSE DESCRIPTION: FEEDBACK CONTROL SYSTEM

COURSE INTENDED On the completion of the course, student is expected to be able to do the
LEARNING OUTCOMES: following:

1. Describe how control system works on different applications on

the industry.
2. Design and formulate control system representation using
diagrams.
3. Design different control system relevant to the industry using
simulation software’s and diagrams.

LEARNING MATERIAL FOR 4

WEEK NUMBER:

I. TITLE: Characteristic of a Feedback Control System

II. OBJECTIVES: By the end of this module you should be able to:
1. Know the definition of the following terms: input, output,
feedback, error, open loop, and closed loop.
2. Understand the principle of damping and its effect upon system
operation.
3. Understand the principle of closed-loop control.

III. INTRODUCTION:
In this module we extend the ideas of modeling to include control system
characteristics, such as sensitivity to model uncertainties, steady-state
errors, transient response characteristics to input test signals, and
disturbance rejection. We investigate the important role of the system
error signal which we generally try to minimize.

We will also develop the concept of the sensitivity of a system to a

parameter change, since it is desirable to minimize the effects of unwanted
parameter variation. We then describe the transient performance of a
feedback system and show how this performance can be readily improved.
We will also investigate a design that reduces the impact of disturbance
signals.
IV. CONTENTS:

Lesson Coverage:

1. Characteristics of a Feedback Control System

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COLLEGE OF COMPUTING AND ENGINEERING

CHARACTERISTICS OF A FEEDBACK CONTROL SYSTEM

To discuss control systems, we must first define several key terms.

- Input. Stimulus or excitation applied to a control system from an external source, usually in order to produce a
specified response from the system.

- Output. The actual response obtained from the system.

- Feedback. That portion of the output of a system that is returned to modify the input and thus serve as a
performance monitor for the system.

- Error. The difference between the input stimulus and the output response. Specifically, it is the difference
between the input and the feedback.

A very simple example of a feedback control system is the thermostat. The input is the temperature that is initially
set into the device. Comparison is then made between the input and the temperature of the outside world.

If the two are different, an error results and an output is produced that activates a heating or cooling device.

Other examples are:

(1) Aircraft rudder control system

(2) Gun or missile director

(3) Missile guidance system

(4) Laser-guided projectiles

(5) Automatic pilot

Characteristics of Closed-Loop Systems

The system measures the output and compares the measurement with the desired value of the output as
prescribed by the input. It uses the error to change the actual output and to bring it into closer correspondence
with the desired value.

Since arbitrary disturbances and unwanted fluctuations can occur at various points in the system, a feedback
control system must be able to reject or filter out these fluctuations and perform its task with prescribed
accuracies, while producing as faithful a representation of the desired output as feasible.

This function of filtering and smoothing is achieved by various electrical and mechanical components, gyroscopic
devices, accelerometers, etc., and by using different types of feedback.

Position feedback is that type of feedback employed in a system in which the output is either a linear distance
or an angular displacement, and a portion of the output is returned or fed back to the input.

Position feedback is essential in weapons control systems and is used to make the output exactly follow the
input.

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COLLEGE OF COMPUTING AND ENGINEERING

Motion smoothing by means of feedback is accomplished by the use of rate and acceleration feedback. In the
case of rate (velocity) feedback, a portion of the output displacement is differentiated and returned so as to
restrict the velocity of the output.

Acceleration feedback is accomplished by differentiating a portion of the output velocity, which when fed back
serves as an additional restriction on the system output. The result of both rate and acceleration feedback is to
aid the system in achieving changes in position without overshoot and oscillation.

The most important features that negative feedback imparts to a control system are:

(1) Increased accuracy--An increase in the system's ability to reproduce faithfully in the output that which is
dictated by an input.

(2) Reduced sensitivity to disturbance--When fluctuations in the relationship of system output to input caused
by changes within the system are reduced. The values of system components change constantly throughout
their lifetime, but by using the self-correcting aspect of feedback, the effects of these changes can be minimized.

(3) Smoothing and filtering--When the undesired effects of noise and distortion within the system are reduced.

(4) Increased bandwidth--When the bandwidth of any system is defined as that range of frequencies or changes
to the input to which the system will respond satisfactorily.

Feedback’s Fundamental Property - Changing the Dynamics, Automatically

Feedback is a way to change behavior as if we were changing the plant itself, but without actually doing so. What
are the feedback’s most fundamental ever present intrinsic properties? Is it its ability to reduce sensitivity of the
behavior to uncertainties in the plant parameters and external disturbances?

This is appealing because the reasons for using feedback instead of open loop control are these uncertainties.
Unfortunately, this is not so. Low sensitivity depends on the particular choice for the controller and the choice
may decrease or increase sensitivity.

So reducing sensitivity cannot be a property that is present independently of the particular feedback controller
used.

A key feedback property, that transcends all applications and all choices for the controller, is the ability of
feedback to completely alter the plant dynamic behavior when the loop closes no matter what the particular plant
dynamics are.

This property is independent and distinct and separate from the ability to assign new dynamics by selecting the
controller appropriately for stabilization and performance.

SIDEBAR FEEDBACK CONTROL

Feedback is a mechanism, ubiquitous in nature, that drastically and dramatically changes the behavior of a
system specifically of the process it is applied to, of the system. By behavior we mean the observed response of
the system to stimulus such as an input or initial condition.

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COLLEGE OF COMPUTING AND ENGINEERING

Feedback is everywhere. Feedback is all around us and inside us. Examples of feedback abound. Here, a
familiar situation every car driver has experienced, is described.

When driving and the slope of the road starts increasing, the car speed starts decreasing. Typically, the driver
detects this by looking at the speedometer and presses the gas pedal a bit more to increase the fuel rate and
bring the speed up again to the previous level. The driver detects-via the speedometer the difference between
the desired and actual speeds (the error).

When the error is positive-meaning that the actual speed is less than the desired-the driver increases the fuel to
the engine; if negative-that is the actual speed is higher than the desired speed (going downhill for example)-
the driver decreases the fuel input and the car slows down. Cruise (speed) controllers in cars do the same thing
but automatically.

The amazing thing is that with feedback the change of behavior is automatic. When feedback information is
available the driver maintains the desired speed, without intimate knowledge of the slope of the incline or of the
engine of the car, by just observing the speedometer and adding fuel when the error is positive, and reducing
fuel when the error is negative.

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COLLEGE OF COMPUTING AND ENGINEERING

V. REFERENCES: Hudson D. (2020), Python for Beginners, Larsen and Keller, Penn Plaza NY, USA

Tockey S. (2020), How to Engineer Software, Wiley IEEE Press, Piscataway, USA

Pomperada J. (2019), Python Programming for Beginners.Mindshapers INC,

Intramuros Manila, PH

VI. ASSESSMENT TASK:

Assessment task is posted as scheduled in our MS Team.

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