Review

Previous Lesson:

Doing Philosophy
 Introduction to the
Philosophy of the Human
Person
Methods of
Philosophizing
 Week 2 Competencies:
1. Distinguish opinion from truth
2. Realize that methods of
Philosophy lead to wisdom and
truth
3. Evaluate truth from opinions in
different situations
 Truth and Its Importance
Truth
• lies at the heart of any inquiry

Knowledge must be truth to

gain validity and acceptance

• It is the clear awareness and

understanding of something.
 Truth and Its Importance
Facts
• propositions which are real or
truthful (ex. Fish)
• “We know that fish live in water
because they really do.”

Propositions
• statements may or may not carry https://images.app.goo.gl/Nvqkf4yN6UTEcpmA7

the truth (usually debatable)

• Ex: The accused must be punished
 Truth and Its Importance

Claim
• requires examination to
establish truth
• Ex: My school is the best
in town (needs proof)

 Truthful statements are

based on facts.
 How do we know if something is true?
• Belief is important

• Doubt drives the discovery of truth

Bases of truth:

A belief is true if,

• it can be justified or proven

 How do we know if something is true?

• it is based on facts

• it is a common belief

Example: Citizenship
 It is based on a fact as it can
be proven by a birth https://images.app.goo.gl/rSjXPf6sxhpdjSSt7

certificate, which can be a

common belief.
 Philosophy as a guide in distinguishing Truth from
Opinion

Opinions
• provide views that can advance a
belief about things or persons.
 Note of the word “opinionated”.

Conclusion
• judgment based on certain facts https://images.app.goo.gl/9r4hQ3vMSDc6ZnNS6

 Ex: According to studies of the WHO,

anti-flu shots cannot protect you
from COVID-19.
 Philosophy as a guide in distinguishing Truth from
Opinion
Beliefs
• convictions not clearly
explained by facts
 They are sometimes
subjective.

Explanations https://images.app.goo.gl/M88uqv5p5BwKgFsJ9

• assume claim to be true

through reasons
 Philosophy as a guide in distinguishing Truth from
Opinion

Arguments
• provide reasons to
convince
 Usually used in debates

Logic
• analyses arguments
 Considerations about arguments and opinions
Fallacies
• Based on faulty
reasoning

(ex. of a fallacy: Ad https://images.app.goo.gl/78vTdjzo3o8cATBP7

Hominem, attacking the

person instead of the
argument)
 Considerations about arguments and opinions
Bias
• personal views of the
person presenting an
opinion
• tends to influence the
view of people (partial)

https://images.app.goo.gl/ea3NTd6oPZRBtUos7
 Understanding Truth vs Opinion lead to Wisdom
• Critical mind makes wise
decisions and action

• Backgrounds of people
explain their views and
opinions.
https://images.app.goo.gl/AVKqQuSXpgeHcsh69

• Views define actions

 *Activity*
Claim: Vaccines against
pneumonia protect you
from CoViD-19.

True or False. Justify your

opinion to qualify for truth.
(5 mins.)
 Possible Answer
FALSE.
• No, according to World
Health Organization
(Fact)
• Based on Researchers’
studies (proof and
common agreement)
 Summary
Take away:
• Importance of truth

• How to know if something is true

• Distinguishing truth from opinion

• Considerations about arguments or https://images.app.goo.gl/K1QaGrXpLdLHzHzJ8

opinions

• Understanding truth and opinion leads

to wisdom