International Conference

on
Sustainable Water Resources Management under Changed Climate

My Topic
Under
***8. Environment, Sustainability and Development

“Some Studies on energy conservation and Thermal Comfort using

Natural Refrigerants in Solar Thermal & Photovoltaic powered
Air-conditioning and Refrigeration System”

MR. RAKESH NASKAR

Presently PhD Scholar (JU)
REG. NO. (INDEX D-7/ISLM/94/18)
Ex. Assistant Professor (11+ yrs.)
 About My Guide & Co-Guide
 
RAKESH NASKAR1, ASIT K.GHOSH2 and RATAN MANDAL3
1
PhD Scholar, School of Energy Studies, Jadavpur University,
Kolkata-700 032,
E-mail: rakesnaskar@gmail.com.
2
Corresponding Author: Superannuated Professor, Deptt. of
Physics, Vidyasagar College for Women,
Kolkata-700 006 & Researcher, School of Energy Studies, J.U.,
Kolkata-700 032, India;
• E-mail: a.ghosh1@yahoo.co.in
3
Associate Professor& Director, School of Energy Studies, J.U.,
Kolkata- 700 032, India, E-mail: ratan_mandal99@yahoo.co.in
 Conventional Air-conditioning and
Refrigeration System

1. Ice Refrigeration
2. Dry Ice Refrigeration
3. Evaporative Refrigeration
4. Air Expansion Refrigeration
5. Gas Throttling Refrigeration
6. Steam- jet Refrigeration
7. Liquid gas Refrigeration
8. Vapour Compression Refrigeration
9. Vapour Absorption Refrigeration
10. Thermo Electric Refrigeration

My work: Non Conventional Air-conditioning and

Refrigeration System
Solar Thermal & Photovoltaic powered Air Conditioner using
natural refrigerant (R-290)
 Air-conditioning and Refrigeration
System
• Impact of global warming and ozone depletion in the upper atmosphere are,
alarming phenomenon at present.

• IPCC Report 2019, focused Asia would be the driver to 1.5 O C increase in temperature
in this region have to bound within this limit at 2020.

• increasing stipulate of A.C. due to improve of the human life-style as well as

enhancement of global warming potential (GWP) due to Global consumption of
additional 20 per cent conventional load due to Air-conditioning and refrigeration
unit.

• present paper exhibits, no usual refrigerants but to use a natural refrigerants to

minimize higher global warming potential (GWP).

• solar radiation using to increase pressure of refrigerants thus compressor inlet

pressure will extend at high value without compromising outlet pressure. Such low
pressure difference across the compressor indicates low power rated compressor
efficacy.
 Keywords: Heat Island Effect (HIE), Solar photovoltaic (SPV), Natural
Refrigerants, Low power rated compressor.

Aim and objective of the work:

• Solar refrigeration offers a wide variety of cooling techniques

powered by solar collector based thermally driven cycles and
photovoltaic (PV) based electrical cooling systems.

• In comparison with conventional electrically driven

compression systems, substantial primary energy savings can
be expected from solar cooling, thus aiding in conserving
energy and preserving the environment.

• The importance of renewable energy technologies, including

solar cooling & heating technologies can be appreciated more
if the environmental impact of air-conditioning has been
evaluated
 M eth od olo gy

• A household socio-demographic survey was conducted in order to identify the

characterizes of existing houses.;

• Physical measures like building simulation, comfort model parameters analysis at this
paper by mathematical term.
 
• The environmental factors that are linked with individual feelings of air temperature,
thermal comfort, convection &, radiant temperature, humidity and air velocity etc. are to
be taken into an account. The air temperature is very important to thermal comfort since
the amount and the process of heat loss from the human body..
 
• Field studies for adaptive comfort: Parallel to laboratory studies, there has been aimed
at recording thermal comfort for using different refrigerants system in the real world.

• This field studies are conducted in the ‘normal setting of daily life’ instead of
experimental set-up. This type of study, however, has disadvantages and pitfalls..
 
• The advent of air-conditioning system has brought a new dimension to the usage of this
system which consists of two main parts at outdoor unit thermal and conventional part.

• Observation of natural refrigerants due to thermal effect.

 Scope of the Work:

 Applying green technology where consumption and availability of the green

commodity are closely correlated has superior economics.

 Sunlight and solar-dependent heat gain are closely correlated.

 Applying a green technology where the most expensive system

components are utilized as much as possible most superior economics.

 Solar cooling as well as heating adds substantial scope to the mechanical

portion of job thereby increasing profit and GDP of government through
development and utilization of this application.

 During summer air conditioner is necessary which is adequate with solar

radiation.

 Temperature and pressure are in well relation where producing pressure

develops temperature at conventional air conditioner but here application
of solar thermal develops pressure and treat as non conventional unit.

 Only DC power is required for maintaining refrigerant flow in unique

direction.
 Solar Heat Gain through Glass

Experimental Set-up diagram at School of Energy Studies, Jadavpur

University premises is depicted first by using R-290 as natural
refrigerant.
 Social Aspects

 Thermodynamic properties
a) Suction pressure: At a given evaporator temperature, the saturation pressure
will be above atmospheric for prevention of air or moisture ingress into the
system and ease of leak detection. Higher suction pressure is better as it leads
to smaller compressor displacement.
b) Discharge pressure: At a given condenser temperature, the discharge pressure
may be as small as possible to allow light-weight construction of compressor,
condenser etc.
c) Pressure –Temperature: changes for high volumetric efficiency and low power
consumption, thereby enthalpy and entropy of vaporization of selected fluid is
constant.
d) Latent heat of vaporization: Should be as large as possible so that the required
mass flow rate per unit cooling capacity will be small.

 Environmental and safety properties

* At present the environment friendliness of the refrigerant is a major factor in
deciding the usefulness of a particular refrigerant. According to the Montreal
protocol, the ODP of refrigerants should be zero
 Temperature Vs Pressure Chart of R290
400

350

300

250
Pressure in PSI

200

150 PSI

100

50

0
0 2 3 5 -7 2 10 18 27 35 43 52 60 68
-4 -3 -2 -1

Temperature in oC
 Our System Experimental Temperature Vs
Pressure Data Sheet
Temperature 0C Pressure PSI Temperature 0C Pressure PSI Temperature 0C Pressure PSI Temperature 0C Pressure PSI

EVAPORATOR
1 25.4 60 26.1 60 24.9 80 25.2 80
INLET
EVAPORATOR
2 25 64 26.4 60 24.2 67 25 66
OUTLET
SOLAR THERMAL
2A 25 60 26.4 50 24.2 55 25 60
INLET

SOLAR THERMAL
3 26.6 58 27.4 50 26.4 60 26.8 60
OULET

COMPRESSOR
4 28.4 58 27.4 50 28.5 60 28.9 60
INLET
COMPRESSOR
5 45.2 190 40.1 170 44.1 180 46.6 185
OUTLET
CONDENSOR
6 45.2 190 40.1 170 44.1 180 46.6 185
INLET
CONDENSOR
7 33.1 80 32.3 72.5 32.9 82.5 33.9 82.5
OUTLET
CAPILARY TUBE
7A 33.1 80 32.3 72.5 32.9 82.5 33.9 82.5
INLET

CAPILARY TUBE
1A 25.4 60 26.1 60 24.9 80 25.2 80
OUTLET

1 ………………………              

Room Temperature:23oC Room Temperature:28oC Room Temperature:21oC Room Temperature:22oC

Ambient Tempaerature:30.5O C Ambient Tempaerature:31O C Ambient Tempaerature:32O C Ambient Temperature: 32O C

 Our System Experimental Temperature
Vs Pressure Chart
Temperature Vs Pressure chart(Ambient temp Temperature Vs Pressure chart(Ambient temp
30.5oC) 31oC)
200 200
Pressure in PSI

Pressure in PSI
150 150

100 100
PSI PSI
50
50
0
0 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Temperature in oC
Temperature in oC

Temperature Vs Pressure chart(Ambient temp Temperature Vs Pressure chart(Ambient temp

32oC) 32oC)
200
200
Pressure in PSI
Pressure in PSI

150 150

100 100
PSI PSI
50 50
0
0
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Temperature in oC Temperature in oC
Our System Experimental Temperature Vs Pressure
Comparative Chart

Temperature Vs Pressure chart

200

180

160
Pressure in PSI

140

120
PSI1
100 PSI2
PSI3
80
PSI4
60

40

20

0
20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Temperature in oC
 References
1. Nicol, J. F. (2008). A handbook of adaptive thermal comfort: Towards a dynamic model. Teaching resource, University of
Bath.
2. Busch JF. A tale of two populations: thermal comfort in air-conditioned and naturally ventilated offices in Thailand.
Energy and Buildings 1992; 18(3):235–49.
3. Bragger G.S, de Dear RJ. Thermal adaptation in the built environment: a review. Energy and Buildings 1998; 27:83–96.
4. Estimate of demand diversity and daily demand profile for off-grid electrification in developing countries, Energy for
Sustainable Development 29 (2015), 135-141,available at Science Direct, Elsevier.
5. A text book of Refrigeration and Air-conditioning by R.S. Khurmi and J.K. Jai, S. Chand & Co
6. Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning (2008) - S.C. Arora and S. Domkundwar, Dhanpat Rai Sons
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Press, 1970
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12.Refrigeration & Air-conditioning by IIT KGP,
13.ASHRAE Handbooks (4 volumes)
14.Thermal Environmental Engineering by James L. Thrilked, Prentice-Hall, Inc. 2010
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36(7):614–26.
16.Low Energy Cooling by Donald W. Abrams, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company,1985
17. Naskar, R., Ghosh,A., Mandal, R., “Design & New Development of Solar Air Conditioner” at International
Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies (IJSRMS ),Vol.4, Issue.6, pp.19-23, June (2018) E-ISSN:
2454-9312, Reg. No.24143/IND/CE/2012, UGC SL. NO.-45841.
18. Naskar, R., Ghosh,A., Mandal, R., “Advancement Of Solar Refrigeration Technology And Its Impact In Society”
at Journal of SCIENCE AND CULTURE, VOL. 85, NOS. 9–10, September-October, 2019. Science and Culture is in
the list of Master Index of Journals of Thomson-ISI.
 Concluding Remarks
 Complete natural Resource application.
 Solar thermal & photovoltaic energy conversion.
 Obviously this system indicate green energy application.
 Already have social aspect which explained earlier.
 new renovative approach may be considered owing to the environmental
constraint.
 According to Montreal protocol, ODP & GWP of refrigerants should
be considered zero
 Non Conventional air conditioner means weather constraint..
 Graph Indicate something happened ??????????

 ????????...............Next Research Work.

Thank you