Cellular Concepts

(Wireless Communication : Rapport

Chapter 3: The cellular Concepts-System Design
Fudamentals)

By
Waheed ur Rehman
Cellular Concept
• Breakthrough in solving of spectral congestion and
user capacity
• Single high power transmitter is replaced with
many lower power transmitters.
• Portion of total number of channels are assigned to
each cell
Cellular Concept
• Can be reused as many times as needed as long as
co-channel interference is kept below acceptable
level.

• If demand for service increasenumber of BSs

increases + decrease of transmission power.
38 × 479
Frequency Reuse
• Coverage area is called a cell
• Adjacent cells have different channels
• The design process is called Frequency Reuse or
Frequency Planning
• Cell’s Footprint : radio coverage area of the cell
• Hexagon are better than square or equilateral
triangle.
Frequency Reuse
• Center excited cell: BS in the middle- omni
directional Antennas
• Corner Excited Cell: BS on the vertices-Sectored
Antennas
• Practical consideration usually do no allow BS to be
placed exactly as they appear in hexagon.
• Most system design permit BS to be positioned
upto one fourth of the cell radius away from ideal
location.
Frequency Reuse
• S = total duplex channels
• k= channels in each cell  k < S
• N= Total Number of cells
• S= kN : all channels in distinct cells ()
• The N cells which collectively use the complete set of
channels are called Clusters.
• If cluster is replicated M times then capacity C can be
• C = MkN = MS
• Capacity is directly proportional to cluster number
• N is the cluster size.
Different types of cells according
to size
Interference in cellular networks
Signal interference and types
• When the two different transmission causes
interruptions to one another.
• Types
• Co-channel interference
• Adjacent channel interference
Channel Assignment Strategies
• Fixed
• Dynamic
Channel Assignment Strategies
Fixed
• Fix number of channels are assigned to the cell
• Call can be blocked
• One variation is channel borrowing strategy.
• MSC supervises borrowing strategy.
Channel Assignment Strategies
Dynamic
• Channels are not allocated permanently
• When a call is made, serving BS request a channel
from MSC
• The channel is allocated following the algorithm that
takes into account parameters like likelihood of
future blocking, reuse distance distance of the
channel etc.
• Real time data on channel occupancy is required –
Received signal strength indications (RSSI)
• Increases the load and storage.
Mobility in the cellular networks
causes disconnecting and
connecting to the different base
stations
Handoff / Handover
• Connection of a MS from one BS to another BS during a call
is called HO
• It should be as infrequent as possible
• Different types: Hard HO, Soft HO
• Minimum usable signal for acceptable voice quality is
represented as Pr min. usable
• Slightly stronger signal Pr handoff
• △= Pr handoff – Pr min. usable
• △ is too large= unnecessary HO
• △ is too small – insufficient time to perform HO
HO concept in HetNets
Handoff Strategies
• Different Strategies such as
• NCHO, MCHO, MAHO and NAHO
• Network Controlled HO, Mobile Controlled HO,
Mobile Assisted HO, Network Assisted HO
• In 1G MSC was responsible for HO
• Locator Receiver were used at BS for measuring
signal strength and reporting it to MSC.
• 1G used NCHO
Handoff Strategies
• In 2G MAHO strategy is used.
• Less burden on MSC and improved HO

• HO should be given more priority over originating

call. ??
• HO should be as lossless as possible.
Prioritizing Handover
• Guard channel capacity: some channels are
reserved for HO.
• Disadv: reducing the total carried traffic
• Efficient spectrum utilization in case of dynamic
channel allocation strategy.
• Queuing of HO request is another strategy.
Practical HO Considerations
• User mobility considerations
• High speed vs low speed users
• Umbrella cell approach
• Cell dragging problem in microcells
• HO thresholds and radio coverage parameters must be
adjusted carefully.
Practical HO Considerations
• 1G required 10 sec for HO
• Value of Δ was about 6dB to 12 dB
• 2G require 1 to 2 sec
• Value of Δ was about 0 to 6dB
• Newer cellular system consider more matrices for
HO decision making the process complex
Handover types and recent
Considerations
• Hard handover
• GSM
• Soft handover
• IS-95 (CDMA)
• Softer handover
• IS-95 (CDMA)
Vertical vs horizontal HO
Mobile Radio Propagation
Models
• Okumura Model that is refined by Hata.
• Original details analysis of the Tokyo area
• For Urban environment, predicted path loss is

LdB = 69.55 + 26.16 log fc – 13.82 log ht – A(hr) + (44.9

– 6.55loght) log d
Mobile Radio Propagation
Models (2)
LdB = 69.55 + 26.16 log fc – 13.82 log ht – A(hr) + (44.9
– 6.55loght) log d

• fc = Carrier frequency in MHz from 150 to 1500 MHz

• ht = Height of transmitting antenna(BS) in m, from 30 t0 300 m
• hr =Height of receiving antenna(MS) in m, from 1 t0 10 m
• d = Propagation distance between antennas in km, from 1 to 20
km.
• A(hr)= correction factor for mobile unit antenna height
Mobile Radio Propagation Models (3)
For a small or medium size city, the correction factor is given by
A(hr) = (1.1 log fc – 0.7) hr – (1.56 log fc – 0.8) dB

And for a larger city

A(hr) = 8.29[log(1.54hr)]2 -1.1 dB for fc<= 300MHz
A(hr) = 3.2[log(11.75hr)]2 -4.97 dB for fc>= 300MHz

For suburban area

LdB (suburban) = LdB(urban) – 2[log (fc/28)]2 – 5.4

And the path loss in open areas is

LdB (open) = LdB(urban) – 4.78(log (fc)]2 – 18.733(log (fc) – 40.98
Summary
• Cell
• Frequency reuse
• Cluster
• Co-channel and adjacent channel interference
• Channel assignment strategies
• Handover and types
• Propagation model
 Discussion
• Differentiate between co-channel interference and
adjacent channel interference
• What are the different techniques for improving
coverage and capacity in cellular systems.
• Considering duplex channels, what are the options for
implementation of channels in wireless networks?
What about typical wired networks?
• FDD and TDD ?
Assignment
• How is mobile location is measured in cellular network ? (not using
GPS)
• What are the different techniques for improving coverage and
capacity in cellular systems.
• What are HetNets? What is the need ? Is it possible to have different
access techniques in HetNets?
• What is NOMA?

• Submission using turnitin.

• Deadline: mentioned on turnitin