TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING - 2

SHALU THOMAS
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPT OF CE
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 Module I, II, III & IV – RAILWAY ENGINEERING
2

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 Module V – TUNNEL ENGINEERING
3

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 4
Module VI – HARBOURS AND DOCKS

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 5

Module I

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 Role of Indian Railways in National Development
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1.ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE
• Backbone of country’s economy & ensures that fruits of
developments are distributed far and wide within the
country.
• Facilitates large scale production by increasing mobility of
raw materials, workers, machineries by cheap and speedy
transportation.
• Since the ownership is within the Union government, it may be
utilised in accordance with the developmental needs, public
welfare, national security & defence.
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2.POLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE
• Strong links among various parts of the country with good
network - Forged bonds of unity and brings different
cultures and people together.
• Contributes to National defence through logistic support.
• Development of railways & colonising activities has gone
hand in hand.
• Helps in maintaining internal security, law and
administration.

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3. SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE
• Greatly influenced social life and brought revolutionary
changes in social values, beliefs, contacts and way of living.
• Promotes social mobility of people - Frequent mixing of
people, break short sighted social values & new social
values have emerged based on reason and scientific
thinking.
• Persons of different caste, creed colour, language and religion
come into contact, which strengthens brotherhood & social
mingling.
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 10 Railways for Urban Transportation

Urban rail transit in India consists of:

1. Suburban rail
2. Rapid Transit/Metro
3. Monorail
4. Light rail
5. Tram Systems

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 Railways for Urban Transportation
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1. Suburban rail
 Also called Commuter Rail
 Passenger rail transport service that primarily operates
between a city centre, commuter towns or other locations
that draw large numbers of commuters
 Trains speeds vary from 50 to 200 km/h
 Commuter trains distance varies between 15 - 200 km
 Run on the local standard gauge track
 The Kolkata Suburban Railway has the largest network
in the entire country
Commuters—people who travel on a daily basis

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 Railways for Urban Transportation
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2.Rapid Transit/Metro
 A passenger railway in an urban area with high
capacity and frequency.
 The first rapid transit system in India is Kolkata
Metro (1984)
 The Delhi Metro has the largest network
 The Kochi metro is the first metro in the country
which connects rail, road and
water facilities.
transport
 Metro rail lines are composed of mainly
standard gauge.

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 Railways for Urban Transportation
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3.Monorail
 The track consists of a single rail
 Typically elevated
 Mumbai monorail

Mumbai monorail

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 Railways for Urban Transportation
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4.Tram Systems
 Tramcar is a rail vehicle which runs
on tramway tracks
 The lines or networks operated by tramcars
- Tramways.
 Tramways are powered by electricity
 Lighter and shorter than conventional trains
and rapid transit trains
 The tram system in the city of Kolkata is the
only tram network operating in India

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 Railways for Urban Transportation
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5. Light Rail Transit System (LRT)
 Using rolling stock
 The first of the light rail systems was in
North America (1978)
 Having the capacity to carry
more passengers
 Appearing like a train, with more than
one car connected together
 Having more doors to facilitate full
utilization of the space

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 Modern Developments
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1.Light Rail Transit System (LRT)

 Improvement of street car system

 Right of way away from road traffic

 In congested areas, tunnels or elevated tracks
may be provided
 Electrically propelled rail vehicles
operate singly or in trains of four-axle cars
 Have the capability of loading
passengers from street, medium or high
level platforms
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 Modern Developments
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 Passenger capacities &

performance characteristics depends on the
right of way
 Individual car capacity – 100 to 180 persons
 Draw current from light catenary
 Overhead line situated
high electrical over
potential byrail tracks, raised
connection to
to feeder
astations at regular intervals
Has driving control at both ends
light catenary

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 Modern Developments
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 Maximum speed – 60km/hr

 Average speed – 15 to 25 km/hr
 Stops of LRT are closely spaced
 Disadvantages
 Low speed
 Low carrying capacity
 Reduction of overall capacity of roads

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 Modern Developments
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2.Mass Rapid Transit System
 Type of high-capacity public transport generally found in urban areas
 They are electric railways that operate on an exclusive right-of-way
 They may be grade separated in tunnels or on elevated railways
 Significant features
 Carrying capacity - >25000 PHPDT
 Speed – upto 100km/hr
 Inter station distance is very less – around 1 km
 Non-polluting and environmental friendly system
 Fast, reliable, safe and comfortable

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 Modern Developments
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 The Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System

 Began operation on 1 November 1995
 The line runs within the city limits
from Chennai Beach to Velachery
 System Length = 19.34 km
 No. of stations = 18
 Train length = 6&9 coaches
 Track gauge = broad gauge
 Electrification = 25 kV, 50 Hz AC through
overhead catenary
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 Modern Developments
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3.Tube Railways
 Constructed below ground by cut
and cover method
 The section of underground
tunnel
is circular like a tube
 Provided at a depth > 25 m – to
avoid interference with service
networks
 Advantage – no need of any land
acquisition

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 Modern Developments
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 Some of the features of the tube railways which are still in a developing
stage in index are given below:
 The railways stations have to be of cylindrical form
 Escalators or moving stair cases are to be constructed to reach the
tube railways.
 Automatic signaling system and electric traction required
 More number of automatic machines at ticket counter are installed to
provide more facilities to passengers
 Mechanism of the train is such that it cannot start until all the doors are
closed, and it automatically stops, if signal is at "STOP" position.
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 Modern Developments
4.High speed tracks
These are the tracks which allow operation of trains at
speeds more than 120 kilometres per hour. These are the
requirements of today, because:
• There is a rapidly increasing demand of transportation
•The running of heavy loads at faster speeds safely and
economically between the two major terminal stations.
•Better productivity
•To provide better services to customer, if they can be
transported or the freights can be moved at higher speed.

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 Modern Developments
•The high-speed trains can be classified in two categories:
 High speed tracks - speeds are over 120 kilometres per hour and are up to
250 kilometres per hour and
 Super high speed - speeds are above 250 kilometres per hour.
•The development of high speed and super high-speed tracks requires:
i. High speed tracks
 It is the modified traction like diesel and electric traction instead of steam traction
 Modernization of present track to higher standards.

ii. Super high-speed tracks

 Advanced traction efforts and
 Track modernization.

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