OS and it types

Comp-111
Operating system
Operating system is a set of programs that enables a user to
operate and interact with a computer. Examples of operating
systems are Linux distributions, windows, mac os, Android etc.
There are many types of operating systems. In this article, we
will discuss various classifications of operating systems.
Single-user operating system
• A single user operating system provides facilities to be used on one
computer by only one user.
• Single user, single task: A single task is performed by one user at a time.
Example- The Palm OS for Palm handheld computers.
• Single user, multi-task: Several programs are run at the same time by a
single user. For example- Microsoft Windows.
• Windows 95, Windows NT Workstation and Windows 2000 professional.
Single-user/single-tasking
An operating system that allows a single user to perform just
one task at a time is a single-user/single-tasking operating
system. To a user, a "task" is a function such as printing a
document, writing a file to disk, editing a file, or downloading
a file from a network server. To the operating system, a task is
a process, and small and simple OSs can only manage a single
task at a time.MS-DOS is one example of a single-tasking OS.
Single-user/multitasking
Single-user/multitasking operating system is one that allows a
single user to perform two or more functions at once. It takes a
special operating system to keep two or more tasks running at
once. The most commonly used personal computers usually run
such OSs, including Microsoft Windows and the Macintosh
Operating System
Multi-user operating system
A multi-user operating system has been designed for more than one
user to access the computer at the same or different time.
Multiple users to use programs that are simultaneously running on a
single net-work server, called a terminal server. This is not at all the
same as connecting to a network server for the sake of accessing files
and printers
• Time-sharing systems: These systems are multi-user systems in
which CPU time is divided among the users. The division is made
on the basis of a schedule.
• Most batch processing systems for the mainframe computers can
also be considered as ‘multi-user.’
Unix, Linux, and mainframes such as the IBM AS400.
Provide a Interface
A user interface (UI) refers to the part of an operating system,
program, or device that allows a user to enter and receive
information.
A text-based user interface displays text, and its commands are
usually typed on a command line using a keyboard.
With a graphical user interface the functions are carried out by
clicking or moving buttons, icons and menus by means of a
pointing device.
DIFFERENT OPERATING SYSTEMS

• Over the years, several different operating systems have been

developed for different purposes. The most typical operating
systems in ordinary computers are Windows, Linux and Mac
OS.
Windows
Microsoft created the Windows operating system in the mid-1980s.
There have been many different versions of Windows, but the most
recent ones are Windows 10 (released in 2015), Windows
8 (2012), Windows 7 (2009), and Windows Vista (2007).
Windows comes pre-loaded on most new PCs, which helps to
make it the most popular operating system in the world.
Windows is the most popular OS for home computers, and there are
several versions of it. The newest version is Windows 10.
LINUX
Linux is an open-source OS, which means that its
program code is freely available to software
developers. This is why thousands of programmers
around the world have developed Linux, and it is
considered the most tested OS in the world. Linux has
been very much influenced by the commercial Unix
OS.
Linux include both a CLI and a GU
ANDROID
Android is an operating system designed for phones
and other mobile devices. Android is not available for
desktop computers, but in mobile devices it is
extremely popular: more than a half of all mobile
devices in the world run on Android.
UNIX
UNIX is an operating system which was first developed in the 1960s,
and has been under constant development ever since. By operating
system, we mean the suite of programs which make the computer
work. It is a stable, multi-user, multi-tasking system for servers,
desktops and laptops.
UNIX systems also have a graphical user interface (GUI) similar to
Microsoft Windows which provides an easy to use environment.
Batch Operating Systems
A batch operating system grabs all programs and data in the batch
form and then processes them. The main aim of using a batch
processing system is to decrease the setup time while submitting
similar jobs to the CPU. Batch processing techniques were
implemented in the hard disk and card readers as well. In this case, all
jobs are saved on the hard disk for making the pool of jobs for their
execution as a batch form.
Advantages/ Disadvantage
Advantages
 Batch processing system consumes less time for executing all jobs.
 Sharing of the batch system for multiple users is possible.
 The idle time of the batch system is very less.
 The batch systems can manage large repeated work easily.
Disadvantages
 Time-varying process characteristics.
 If anyone's job halts, then increase the workload for predicting time.
 Batch systems are sometimes costly.
 If some job takes too much time i.e. if an error occurs in the job then
other jobs will wait for an unknown time.
Time sharing OS
Time-sharing is a logical extension of multiprogramming. The CPU executes
multiple jobs by switching, among them, but the switches occur so frequently
that the users can interact with each program while it is running. An
interactive computer provides direct communication between the user and the
system
A time-shared operating system uses CPU scheduling and multiprogramming
to provide each user with a small portion of a time-shared computer. Each
user has at least one separate program in memory. When a process executes,
it executes for only a short time before it either finishes or needs to perform
input/output. In time-sharing operating systems several jobs must be kept
simultaneously in memory, so the system must have memory management
and protection.
Time sharing OS
Advantages
• Each task gets an equal opportunity.
• Fewer chances of duplication of software.
• CPU idle time can be reduced.
Disadvantages
• Reliability problem.
• One must have to take of security and integrity of user programs
and data.
• Data communication problem.
Time sharing OS
Examples
 Windows 2000 server
 Windows NT server
 Unix
 Linux
Distributed OS
• The Distributed operating systems are also known as loosely coupled
systems. They involve multiple computers, nodes, and sites. These
components are linked to each other with LAN/WAN lines. A distributed
OS is capable of sharing its computational capacity and I/O files while
allowing virtual machine abstraction to users.
• All processors are connected by valid communication mediums such as
high-speed buses and telephone lines, and in which every processor
contains its local memory along with other local processors.
Distributed OS
Advantages
 A distributed operating system may share all resources from one site to
another, increasing data availability across the entire system.
 It reduces the probability of data corruption because all data is replicated
across all sites.
 It helps in the reduction of data processing time.
Disadvantages
 It is hard to implement adequate security in a distributed operating system
since the nodes and connections must be secured.
 The database connected to a DOS is relatively complicated and hard to
manage in contrast to a single-user system.
 The underlying software is extremely complex and is not understood very
well compared to other systems.
Distributed OS
Examples
Solaris
OSF/1
Micros
DYNIX
 Embedded operating system
• An embedded operating system is a specialized OS for embedded systems.
It aims to perform with certainty specific tasks regularly that help the
device operate. An embedded operating system often has limited features
and functions. The OS may perform only a single action that allows the
device to work, but it must execute that action consistently and timely.
• Embedded operating systems are built into Internet of Things devices.
They are also part of many other devices and systems. In most cases,
embedded hardware doesn't have much capacity and has fewer resources.
So, the amount of processing power and memory is limited.
 Embedded operating system
Advantages
• The OS is often low-cost.
• The OS tends to use few resources, including minimal power.
• The performance is generally trouble-free.
Disadvantages
• The OS can usually only run a single or very few applications.
• It is difficult to modify the OS once you establish a framework and build it into the
device.
• Trouble-shooting the OS when there are issues can be difficult.
Examples
• Windows Mobile/CE (handheld Personal Data Assistants)
• Symbian (cell phones)
• Linux-based OS.
  Multiprogramming operating system
A multiprogramming operating system runs multiple
programs on a single processor computer. If a program
waits for an I/O transfer, the other programs are ready
to use the CPU. As a result, various jobs may share
CPU time. However, the execution of their jobs is not
defined to be in the same period. A multiprogramming
OS is of the following two types:
Multiprogramming operating system
Advantages
 It may help to run various jobs in a single application simultaneously.
 It helps to optimize the total job throughput of the computer.
 Various users may use the multiprogramming system at once.
 Short-time jobs are done quickly in comparison to long-time jobs.
 It may help to improve turnaround time for short-time tasks.
Disadvantages
• It is highly complicated and sophisticated.
• The CPU scheduling is required.
• Memory management is needed in the operating system because all
types of tasks are stored in the main memory.
Multiprogramming operating system
• Examples
• Apps like office, chrome, etc.
• Microcomputers like MP/M, XENIX, and ESQview.
• Windows O/S
• UNIX O/S
Multiprocessor operating systems
A Multiprocessing operating system (OS) is one in which two or more central
processing units (CPUs) control the functions of the computer. Each CPU
contains a copy of the OS, and these copies communicate with one another to
coordinate operations. The use of multiple processors allows the computer to
perform calculations faster, since tasks can be divided up between processors.
Multiprocessor operating systems are used in operating systems to boost the
performance of multiple CPUs within a single computer system.
Multiple CPUs are linked together so that a job can be divided and executed more
quickly. When a job is completed, the results from all CPUs are compiled to
provide the final output. Jobs were required to share main memory, and they may
often share other system resources. Multiple CPUs can be used to run multiple
tasks at the same time, for example, UNIX.
Multiprocessor operating systems
Mobile operating system
A  is an operating system that helps run application software on
mobile devices. It is the same kind of software as the famous
computer operating systems Linux and Windows, but they are
light and simple to some extent. The operating systems found on
smartphones include Symbian OS, IOS, Black Berry OS,
Windows Mobile, Palm Web OS, Android.
Mobile OS
Advantages
Convenience inoperability.
It also includes open-source platforms.
Gives notification ease.
Disadvantages
Instability.
It also includes poor battery quality.
Not sufficient computational power.
Examples
Android
IOS
Clustered Operating System

Cluster systems are similar to parallel systems. Both use

multiple CPUs. The primary difference is that clustered systems
are made up of two or more independent systems linked
together. They have independent computer systems and shared
storage media, and all systems work together to complete all
tasks. All cluster nodes use two different approaches to interact
with one another, like a message passing interface and a parallel
virtual machine.
Clustered Operating System
There are two clusters available to make a more efficient
cluster. These are as follows:
• Software Cluster: Allows all the systems to work
together.
• Hardware Cluster: Facilitates high-performance disk
sharing among systems.
Clustered Operating System
Advantages
High Availability
Cost Efficiency
Additional Scalability
Fault Tolerance
Performance
Processing Speed
Disadvantages
Cost-Effective
Required Resources
Maintenance
Examples
Oracle provides a Linux-based operating system that is clustered