Course Name :Electric and

Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Course Code:EEC405
MODULE 3: DC AND AC MACHINES FOR
PROPULSION APPLICATIONS
Electric system components for EV/HEV
•In electric vehicles (EVs), the electric motor is the sole propulsion unit, while in hybrid electric
vehicles (HEVs), the electric motor and the internal combustion (IC) engine together in a series
or parallel combination provide the propulsion power.
• In an EV or an HEV, the electric traction motor converts electrical energy from the energy
storage unit to mechanical energy that drives the wheels of the vehicle.
•The major advantages of an electric motor over an IC engine are that the motor provides full
torque at low speeds and the instantaneous power rating can be two or three times the rated
power of the motor.
• These characteristics give the vehicle excellent acceleration with a nominally rated motor.
Electric system components for EV/HEV
A modern electric drive train is conceptually illustrated in Figure.
The drive train consists of three major subsystems: electric motor propulsion, energy source,
and auxiliary.
The electric propulsion subsystem is comprised of the vehicle controller, the power electronic
converter, the electric motor, mechanical transmission, and driving wheels.
The energy source subsystem involves the energy source, the energy management unit, and the
energy refueling unit.
The auxiliary subsystem consists of the power steering unit, the hotel climate control unit, and
the auxiliary supply unit. Based on the control inputs from the accelerator and brake pedals, the
vehicle controller provides proper control signals to the electronic power converter, which
functions to regulate the power flow between the electric motor and energy source.
Electric system components for EV/HEV
The backward power flow is due to the regenerative braking of the EV and this regenerated
energy can be restored into the energy source, provided the energy source is receptive.
Most EV batteries as well as ultracapacitors and flywheels readily possess the ability to accept
regenerative energy.
The energy management unit cooperates with the vehicle controller to control the regenerative
braking and its energy recovery.
It also works with the energy refueling unit to control the refueling unit and to monitor the
usability of the energy source.
The auxiliary power supply provides the necessary power with different voltage levels for all the
EV auxiliaries, especially the hotel climate control and power steering units
Suitability of DC and AC machines for
EV/HEV applications
The important characteristics of a motor for an EV or HEV include flexible drive control, fault tolerance, high
efficiency, and low acoustic noise. The motor drive must be capable of handling voltage fluctuations from
the source. Another important requirement of the electric motor is acceptable mass production costs,
which is to be achieved through technological advancement. The requirements of an EV or HEV motor, not
necessarily in order of importance, are itemized in the following:
• Ruggedness
• High torque-to-inertia ratio (Te/J); large Te/J results in “good” acceleration capabilities
• Peak torque capability of about 200 to 300% of continuous torque rating • High power-to-weight ratio
(Pe/w)
• High-speed operation, ease of control
• Low acoustic noise, low electromagnetic interference (EMI), low maintenance, and low cost
• Extended constant power region of operation
Suitability of DC machines
•The DC machines have two sets of windings, one in the rotor and the other in the stator, which establish the
two fluxes; hence, the mmfs that interact with each other produce the torque.
•The orthogonality of the two mmfs, which is essential for maximum torque production, is maintained by a
set of mechanical components called commutators and brushes.
•The winding in the rotor is called the armature winding, while the winding in the stationary part of the
machine is called the field winding.
•The armature and the field windings are supplied with DC currents. The armature windings carry the bulk of
the current, while the field windings carry a small field excitation current.
•The armature and the field currents in the respective windings establish the armature and field mmfs.
•The magnitude of the mmfs is the product of the number of turns in the windings and the current.
• Depending on the number of supply sources and the type of connection between the armature and field
windings, there can be several types of DC machines
Suitability of DC machines
Positive attributes of DC machines are as follows:
• Ease of control due to linearity
• Capability for independent torque and flux control
• Established manufacturing technology
Disadvantages of DC machines include the following:
• Brush wear that leads to high maintenance
• Low maximum speed
• EMI (Electromagnetic interference)
due to commutator action
• Low power-to-weight ratio
• Low efficiency
 Suitability of AC machines
•The primary difference between AC machines and DC machines is that the armature circuit of the former is
located in the stationary piece of the structure.
•The major advantage of this arrangement is the elimination of the commutator and brushes of DC
machines.
•The machines are fed from AC sources and can be single-phase or multiple-phase types.
• Single-phase AC machines are used for low-power appliance applications, while higher-power machines
are always of three-phase configuration.
•The second mmf required for torque production in AC machines (equivalent to the field mmf of DC
machines) comes from the rotor circuit.
•Depending on the way the second mmf is established, AC machines can be of induction type or
synchronous type.
•For either of the two types of AC machines, the stator windings are identical in nature.
AC and DC Motor drives.
 DC Motor Drives
•DC motor drives have been widely used in applications requiring adjustable speed; good speed regulation; and
frequent starting, braking, and reversing.
•Various DC motor drives have been widely applied to different electric traction applications because of their
technological maturity and control simplicity
•Principle of Operation and Performance The operation principle of a DC motor is straightforward. When a wire
carrying electric current is placed into a magnetic field, a magnetic force acting on the wire is produced.
• The force is perpendicular to the wire and the magnetic field as shown in Figure 6.3. The magnetic force is
proportional to the wire length, magnitude of the electric current, and the density of the magnetic field; that is,
F = BIL.
•When the wire is shaped into a coil, as shown in Figure 6.3, the magnetic forces acting on both sides produce a
torque, which is expressed as
T = BIL cos α,
where α is the angle between the coil plane and the magnetic field as shown in Figure 6.3. The magnetic
field may be produced by a set of windings or PMs. The former is called wound-field DC motor and the latter
is called the PM DC motor. The coil carrying electric current is called the armature. In practice, the armature
consists of a number of coils. In order to obtain continuous and maximum torque, slip rings and brushes are
used to conduct each coil at the position of α = 0
•Practically, the performance of DC motors can be described by the armature voltage, back
electromotive force (EMF), and field flux. Typically, there are four types of wound-field DC
motors, depending on the mutual interconnection between the field and armature windings.
• They are separately excited, shunt excited, series excited, and compound excited as shown in
Figure 6.4. In the case of a separately excited motor, the field and armature voltage can be
controlled independently of one another.
• In a shunt motor, the field and armature are connected in parallel to a common source.
Therefore, an independent control of field or armature currents can only be achieved by
inserting a resistance in the appropriate circuit. This is an inefficient method of control.
• The efficient method is to use power electronics based DC–DC converters in the appropriate
circuit to replace the resistance. The DC–DC converters can be actively controlled to produce
proper armature and field voltage.
• In the case of a series motor, the field current is the same as the armature current; therefore,
field flux is a function of armature current.
• In a cumulative compound motor, the magnetomotive force (mmf) of a series field is a function
of the armature current and is in the same direction as the mmf of the shunt field.
AC Motor Drives
AC Motor Drives
•Synchronous motor :A synchronous electric motor is an AC motor in which, at steady
state, the rotation of the shaft is synchronized with the frequency of the supply current;
the rotation period is exactly equal to an integral number of AC cycles. ...
The synchronous motor and induction motor are the most widely used types of AC
motor.
•Working of synchronous motors depends on the interaction of the magnetic field of the
stator with the magnetic field of the rotor. The stator contains 3 phase windings and is
supplied with 3 phase power. Thus, stator winding produces a 3 phased rotating
Magnetic- Field.
•Therefore the rotor rotates at the same speed that of the rotating magnetic field. It is due
to the reason the motor is called as synchronous motor. It is a constant
speed motor because, despite the increase in load motor runs at the
same synchronous speed.
AC Motor Drives
•A permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) - is a synchronous electric motor
whose inductor consists of permanent magnets. The main difference between
a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) and an induction motor is in the rotor.
•Depending on how magnets are attached to the rotor, PMSM motors can be classified
into two types: surface PMSM (SPMSM) and interior PMSM (IPMSM). SPMSM mounts
all magnet pieces on the surface, and IPMSM places magnets inside the rotor.
•Wound-rotor synchronous motor like any rotating electric motor, consists of a rotor
and a stator. The stator is the fixed part. The rotor is the rotating part. The stator usually
has a standard three-phase winding, and the rotor is made with a field winding. The
field winding is connected to slip rings to which power is supplied through brushes.
•Synchronous reluctance motor is a synchronous electric motor , the torque of which
is due to the inequality of permeance (magnetic conductivities) by quadrature and direct
axes of the rotor, which has no field windings or permanent magnets 
AC Motor Drives
•AC brushless motors use the induction of a rotating magnetic field in the stator to turn
the rotor and stator at the same rate. AC models specifically use electromagnets and
rely on an integrated power inverter, rectifier, and sensor.
•Permanent magnet Hybrid AC motors (PMAC) are just like standard induction AC motors
except they have permanent, rare-earth magnets attached to their rotors (the center part
of the motor that spins). Having these permanent magnets instead of electromagnets
reduces energy losses in the motor. They are also called synchronous AC motors and are
even more efficient than electronically commutated motors (ECMs).
•The switched reluctance motor (SRM) is an electric motor that runs
by reluctance torque. Unlike common brushed DC motor types, power is delivered to
windings in the stator (case) rather than the rotor.