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GEOGRAPHY
OBYEK MATAERIAL
GEOSPHERES
ANTROPHO
LITHOSPHERE HYDROSPHERE BIOSPHERE ATMOSPHERE
SPHERE
OBYEK FORMAL
•SPATIAL PATERN TYPES
•SPATIAL STRUCTURE •MANenvironment CATEGORY
•SPATIAL PROCESS HUMAN ACT env.
•SPATIAL ORGANIZATION PHYSICAL (NAT.)env.
HIERARCHY
•SPATIAL INTERACTION PHYSICAL (ART.) env.
•SPATIAL TENDENCY/TREND
•SPATIAL ASSOCIATION
•SPATIAL SENERGYSM
•SPATIAL INTERDEPENDENCY
GEOGRAPHIC QUESTIONS
2
SPATIAL APPROACH SERIES
SPATIAL PATTERN
A. POINT FEATURES
......... ..
… :. . . . . . . . . . .
….
……….. …. ::: . …………… . . . . A ………
B
…….
…
….. ..
B
…..
…… ….
C
….
….. : . …. ……. .. . . . . …
.……. .:.. ….
.. ..
……
…..
…..
. . . . . . . . . C ……
A . ..
B
…..
C …….
. . .
. . . . . . . . .
. .. . . . . . . . .
.
.
….
A
….
.... ……. . …
....... …….. . . ….. …. … .. .. . .. . …
.
……..
........ .:.. . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . … …….
........ . . . . . .. .. . . . . … D
.. ..
B. LINE FEATURES
.
B A . .
A B
B
C .
.C D
A D
D F C
E
TRANSPORTATION
STREAM NETWORKS: STREET
NETWORKS: •A.Chain Pattern
SPATIAL PATTERN
C. AREA FEATURES
A
A C
1
3
B D
2 5
SPATIAL STRUCTURE
A. POINT FEATURES B. LINE FEATURES
………………………………………… …………………………………………….
A D
A
…………………………………………
…………………………………………
……………………………………………
………. ………………… C
………………………………………… .........
….
……………..
. . . . ……………… . D
. …………………..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A
B
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . ……………….
. . . . . .…………. . . C.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……..
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . B
. . . . . .
.
B
. . . . .
C
. . . . . . . . . . . . B
. C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A
REGULAR: IRRREGULAR: REGULAR / IRREGULAR:
CONCENTRIC
•A. High Density •A. High Density •A. Spider - WEB
DISTRIBUTION:
•B. Medium Density •B. Medium Density •B. Grid-Iron
•A. High Density
•C. Low Density •C. Low Density •C. Branching-Irregular
•B. Medium Density
•D. Parallel
•C. Low Density
Xxxxx x x x REGULAR:
A B IRREGULAR:
………………..
X x x ……………. xx A = 40%
…….. ……
x Vv 30%
C. AREA FEATURES Xx
X
……… Vvvvv
…….. Vvvvvv
…….
x B = 45%
X Vvvvvv ……. C = 15%
X
…….
Vvvvv …… 45%
…….
Xx v x
Xx
……
x C
Xx
……
x x xxxx 25%
……
Xx x
…….
X x xxx
SPATIAL APPROACH SERIES 4
SPATIAL PROCESSES
A. POINT FEATURES B. LINE FEATURES
T2 T2
T1 T1
……………..
..... …………….
A1 . . . A2 …………
. ……. vvvvv
vvvvvvv
Vvv Vvvvvvv
C2
Vvvvvvv
Vvvvvv
C1
vvvvvv Xxxxxx vvvvvvv
vvv Xxxxxxxxxxxx vvvv
Xxx Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx A1 A2
Xxxxx Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
B1
Xxxxxx B2
Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
1
2
3
4
FENOMENA GEOSFERA
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
SPATIAL APPROACH SERIES
SAPTIAL ORGANIZATION (Hierarchic Perspective )
1
3
3
GRAVELIUS’ STREAM
HORTON’S STREAM STRAHLER’S STREAM
ORDERS
ORDERS ORDERS
1
2 1 1 1
2 2 2
2 2 1
4 4
1
2 2 3B 1
6
3
2
6 3 2 1
6 4 2
12 6
1
2
9
18
b
c Centrifugal movement
d
a. Centripetal movement caused by centripetal a. Centrifugal movement caused by centrifugal
forces. forces.
b. Centripetal forces comprise two forces, b. Centrifugal forces consist of two forces,
I.e: push forces (the outer parts) & pull forces I.e: push forces (the inner parts) & pull forces
(the inner parts) (the outer parts)
c. The outer sections: areas of Origin c. The inner parts: areas of Origin
d. The inner parts: areas of destination d. The outer parts: areas of destination
D. Within Inner Nodal System
Model: 1 (trips) Formula: 5b.1
(Pop.of i) X (Pop.of j) Pi.Pj
B 1 d.u
A Tij = _________________ = ____
100 100
distance between j&I d ij
100 X 100
TAB = ___________ = 10,000
2 distance 1
unit 100 X 100
TBC = ___________ = 5,000
2
C
100 TAB : TBC = 2 : 1
Distance variable functions as a (imiting)
Controlling Factors.
C
DA-B = 80_____ = 27
P 1 + 8000
8000
2000
PB-A = 53
B dC-B = 11
dB-C = 44
A MODEL OF RURAL – BASED STIMULI
INTERACTIONS
VILLAGE (S) ACTUALISATION CITY (S)
(Source of Stimuli) OF INTERACTION (Source of Responses)
Development of
Theatres, restourant,cultural
Demands for recreation Recreational
Centres, etc
facilities
Development of trans-
Demands for Trans- Horizontal Mobilities Portational structures
Portation facilities Of goods & people & means of
transportation
A MODEL OF RURAL – BASED STIMULI
lanjutan
INTERACTIONS
VILLAGE (S) ACTUALISATION CITY (S)
(Source of Stimuli) OF INTERACTION (Source of
Responses)
Natural resort
Demands for Recreation Recreational Activities, development /
Exp:Fishing, Natural Traditional culture
& Refreshment development
Resort, sports, etc (handicrafts)
7a
A B C D E F G H I J K L M Konig Shimbel
2 1 2 3 4 4 5 3 2 3 3 3 5 35
A
-
B 2 - 1 2 3 4 4 5 3 2 3 3 3 5 35
C 1 1 - 1 2 3 3 4 2 1 2 2 2 4 24
D 2 2 1 - 1 2 2 3 1 2 3 3 3 3 25
E 3 3 2 1 - 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 30
F 4 4 3 2 1 - 2 3 3 4 5 5 5 5 41
G 4 4 3 2 1 2 - 1 1 2 3 3 3 4 29
5 5 4 3 2 3 1 - 2 3 4 4 4 5 40
H
3 3 2 1 2 3 1 2 - 1 2 2 2 3 24
I
J 2 2 1 2 3 4 2 3 1 - 1 1 1 4 23
K 3 3 2 3 4 5 3 4 2 1 - 2 2 5 34
L 3 3 2 3 4 5 3 4 2 1 2 - 2 5 34
M 3 3 2 3 4 5 3 4 2 1 2 2 - 5 34
TABLE OF SHORTEST ROUTES BETWEEN PAIRS
OF NODES (BY NUMBER OF LINKS)
(Source: Whynne – Hammond, C. (1987). Elements of Human Geography. London: George Allen & Unwin.pp.145-146)
2
MATRIX DAN GRAPH CONNECTIVITY (2)
2
1
To 7
1 2 3 4 5 8
From 6
1 0 1 1 1 1 Exp: ada 5 titik dalam Transportation – 1 3
2 1 0 1 1network
1 10
9
5
3 1 1 0 1 1 3
4 1 1 1 0 1
5 1 1 1 1 0
5 4 4
∑ route maximal = 5 X 5 cell = 25 cells
ada titik yang berhubungan dengan dirinya (1-1;2-2;3-3;4-4;5-5) tidak ada
nilai route 0
∑ route = (52_5) = 20
Untuk m titik: ∑ route maximum = (m2 - m)
Apakah ini ∑ route maximal yang diperlukan pada suatu wilayah dengan
5 titik (m titik ?)
NO. ada sejumlah “Redundent Routes” (Rute 1-2=2-1;2-3=3-2;dst)
C.I = R.ex
Rmax
CI = Connectivity Index
Rex = The exisiting routes
Rmax = The maximumroutes
Ada 4 kemungkinan:
½ (m2_ m)
Source: Abler, R; Adam.s,J.S; Gould,P (1971). Spatial Organization: The Geographer is View of The World.
N.J: Prentice-Hall.Inc. pp 259-260
SPATIAL ASSOCIATION
.
. .
.
.
.. .
. . .
. .
. .
. . . .
. . . .
.
. . .
. Phenomenon x
. Phenomenon y
SPATIAL TENDENCY/TREND
XXX X
X
X XX X XX
X X X X
X X X
X X X
X X
X X X
X X XX
X X
X
X X X
X
X X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X X
X
X X X X X Phenomena in T1
X
X X X Phenomena in T2
X X X X
The tendency of movement
X
ECOLOGICAL APPROACH
Theme:1 Theme:2
V1 v1
V8 v2
V2 v8
V3 Human activity: v3
V7 MAN:Cipta,Rasa v7 performance
Karsa,karya
V6 V4 v6 v4
v5
V5
Theme:3 Theme:4
v1
v1
v8 v2 v6 v2
v4 v6
v6 v4
v5 v5
ECOLOGICAL APPROACH SERIES
System Analysis Applied to A Farm (Exemple 2)
Identification of the “working forces”
Physical Elements:
Climate Relief Soils Wealth
-Rain - rocks -water
-Heat - rivers -nutrients POSITIVE
Behavioral Innovation FEEDBACK
- wells
STATISFACTORY
Elements invesment STABILIITY/
INCREASING
Pattern of farming:
Possible uses of land: -stock - fertilizer
Decision making process INCOME
Crops, livestock -organization - labour
-feed -machinemy
-seed -buildings
UNSTATISFACTORY
Human Elements:
Cultural & Economic Political
Historical
Factors:
-labour -capital - government STAGNATION
-technology-supply policy Chance DEGRADATION NEGAITIVE
-transport -demand -trading Elements FEEDBACK
-tradition -process block UNSTABILIITY/
-evaluation limitations DECREASING
-perception -strategic POVERTY
conside
Source:
ration Whyne-Hommand.C.,(1985) Elements 0f Human Geography.
London:Goerge Allen&Unwin.p.79
ECOLOGICAL APPROACH SERIES:
Man’s Relationship With His Environment
(Human Ecological Approach)
CLIMATE
Deforestation,
Borning of ffosil fuels,
ATMOSPHERE
Industrial developments,
Cloud seeding, urban
WEATHER
Space exploration
Growth,mining
Scientific improvement
Pollution, deselination preparedness from meteorolo
Schemes,drainage,use of ice Gical forecasts, botanic discoveries
caps
GEOLOGY
REGION
Formal/Homogeneous/
Uniform -region
• Single – topic region
• The 1st order region
• Double topic region
• The 2nd order region
The idea of homogeneity • The 3rd order region
• Combined topic region
• The 4th order region
• Multiple topic region
• ad hoc region
• The nth order region
• Total region
Functional / nodal /
Heterogeneous - region
• Ruang : Wadah yag meliputi ruang daratan, lautan, udara sbg satu kesatuan wilayah, tempat manuasia & makhluk
hidup lainnya hidup dan melakukan kegiatan serta memelihara kelangsungan hidupnya.
• Kawasan : Wilayah dg fungsi utama lindung atau budidaya [wilayah yg mempunyia fungsi dan atau aspek
/ pengamatan fungsional tertentu]
• Daerah : Bagian tertentu dari permukaan bumi (general)
• Areal : Bagian tertentu dari permukaan bumi yang mengacu pada bentang luasan
• Region (wilayah): Daerah tertentu di permukaan bumi yang mempunyia karakteristik ttt (can be distinguished from the
mere areas)