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Unit 4:
VERBS - VERB TENSES - IMPERATIVES
Section 4.2
Part 2
Be, Have, Do

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 Certainty and uncertainty with “be” and “seem” etc.
These verbs have nearly the same
4. Verbs related in meaning to“be”:
meaning as “Be”
appear, feel, look,
seem, smell, sound, taste, chance/
happen/ prove to be.

Verbs When we are certain about something,

we use Be or an ordinary verb: “He is ill.
related in He knows the answer.”

meaning
to “Be” When we uncertain about something, we
can use ‘modal verbs’: “He
may/might/could be ill.
He may/might/could know the answer.”
Or we can use verbs related to “be”.
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 Verbs related in meaning to “Be”
Can leave out ‘to be’
after ‘appear’ and
“To be” or not ‘seem’ in the simple
“to be”? present and simple
‘To be’ or not past.

‘to be’
Cannot use to be Include ‘to be’
after ‘feel, look, before adjectives
smell, sound or like ‘afraid’, ‘asleep’
taste’. and ‘awake’.

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‘Process verbs’ related to ‘be’ and ‘become’
- Process verbs describe a change in state. Typical process verbs are
become, come, fall, go, get, grow, run, turn, wear:
When I asked him about it, he grew angry.
Leaves go brown in autumn.
Suddenly everything went black, and I lost consciousness.
- The most common process verbs are get, become and grow:
I’m getting tired.
You’re becoming lazy.
It’s growing dark.

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 We often use other verbs in fixed phrases: Come true, fall ill, go bad, run dry,
turn sour. I’ll make all your dreams come true.

- We often use get + adjective: get annoyed, get bored, get depressed, get
ill, get wet…
The students wouldn’t stop working and I was beginning to get annoyed with
them.

- Nouns aren’t so common after process verbs but note ‘become’ and ‘make’:

The ugly frog becomes a handsome prince.

Sarah will make a good nurse one day.

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5.“Have” as a full verb meaning “possess”; “Have
got” = “possess” “Have got” = “own” and
“Have” as a “have got” = “obtain”
full verb
• In British English, ‘have’ or ‘have got’
meaning mean 'possess’.
“possess”;
• In British English, we also use ‘have
“Have got” = (just) got’ (‘have gotten’ with American
“possess” English) as the normal form of present
perfect form of the verb get to mean
‘have obtained’ or ‘have received’.

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Uses of “have” and “have got” to mean possess
1. We often use have got in place of have in present:
I’ve got a goob job. Have you got a good job? I haven’t got a good job.
2. Do you have? and I don’t have are also common especially in AE:
Do you have a good job? I don’t have a good job.
3. We use the correct form of have, not have not, in other tenses to
mean “possess”:
By June, I will have had this car for three years.
4. In other tenses, “have got” means “obtained”:
When I saw him, he had just got a new car.

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 Common uses of “have” and “have got”
We can use ‘have’ and ‘have got’ to say we
“Have” as a full own or possess something. But note how we
verb meaning extend this idea of “possession”:
“possess”; “Have
I have/ have got a good dentist.
got” = “possess”
I have/have got an apartment.

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“Have” (=eat, enjoy, etc.) compared with “have” (= possess)
1. Have can mean “eat, enjoy, experience, drink, take, etc. We use
“have” like any other verb, in all tenses , including the progressive:

have breakfast/ lunch/ dinner/ supper

have a meal
have tea/ coffee/ a drink
have a bath/ a wash/ a shower
have a dream
have a good time
have a look
have a baby

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- I’m having a drink. (= I’m drinking something at the moment).

By comparison, “have” meaning “possess” does not have

progressive forms:
 
- The man has a car. The man has got a car.
- I have a drink. I have got a drink.
- I have a car. I have got a car. (Not “I’m having a
car”).
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2. In the simple present and simple past of “have” (=eat, etc.),
we use “do, does, did” to form questions and negatives:
Did you have a good holiday?
I don’t have a clue.
 
3. Note how “have” can be both an auxiliary and a full verb in:
I have had my lunch. (= I have eaten.)
He said he had had his lunch. (= He said he had eaten.)

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Common “have” + noun combinations
1. Have combines with many nouns:
- Let’s have lunch !
- Let's have a drink !
- I’ve had a good trip.
We can use it in the imperative:
- Have a sandwich !
- Have a good time !

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2. In place of common verbs like to sleep, to swim, we

often prefer to use have + noun:

Instead of: I danced twice with Molly.

we can say: I had two dances with Molly.

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Forms and uses of 'do' as an auxiliary and as a full verb

1. We use do as an auxiliary verb to form questions and negatives

in the simple present and simple past tenses:
Do you like Italian opera?
2. Do is also a full verb meaning 'perform an activity or task'. We
use it like any other verb in all tenses. This means do can be
auxiliary verb and full verb at the same time:
What did (auxiliary) you do (full verb) this morning?
I wrote a lot of letters.

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3. We often use do to avoid repeating a previous verb:

The washing machine often stops suddenly.

I don't know why it does that.

4. Do can also mean 'be in the wrong place' in:

What are these clothes doing on the floor?

5. We often use do + -ing for ‘named tasks’:

I’ve just done the ironing.

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'Do' and 'make' compared
1. Do often means 'be engaged in an activity'; make has the sense of

'create’:

What are you doing? - I'm making a cake.

What are you making? - A cake.

2. Sometimes both make and do are possible:

I’ll make/ l'll do the beds this morning, if you like.

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3. We often use do and make in 'fixed phrases'. Do and make go

with particular nouns:

do + : (me) a favor, damage, good, no good, harm, the housework,

a lesson, justice, one's teeth (= clean).

make + : an accusation, an agreement, a demand, a loss, a mess,

a mistake, a promise, a proposal.

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THANK YOU!

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