PROCESO DIRECCIÓN DE FORMACIÓN PROFESIONAL INTEGRAL

FORMATO GUÍA DE APRENDIZAJE

PERSONAL PRONOUMS

Personal pronoums are those words that are used in the sentence to replace the subject without using his
name. Los pronombres personales son aquellas palabras que se usan en la oración para reemplazar al
sujeto sin usar su nombre.

PERSONAL PRONOMBRE EXAMPLE EJEMPLO

PRONOUM PERSONAL
I yo I am ill. Yo estoy enfermo.
You tú, usted You are tall. Tú eres alto. / Usted es alto.
He él He is handsome. Él es guapo.
She ella She is pretty. Ella es guapa.
It eso, esto (neutro) It is cold today. Hoy hace frío.
We nosotros We are tired. Nosotros estamos cansados.
You ustedes You are angry. Ustedes están enfadados.
They ellos, ellas They are at the cinema. Ellos están en el cine.

BE CAREFUL

English clauses always have a subject. La oración en inglés siempre tiene un sujeto.

His father has just retired. > He was a teacher. (NOT Was a teacher.)
I'm waiting for my wife. > She is late. (NOT Is late.)

The imperative, which is used for orders, invitations and requests, is an exception. El imperativo, que se
utiliza para pedidos, invitaciones y solicitudes, es una excepción:

Stop!
Go away.
Please come to dinner tomorrow.
Play it again, please.

If there is no other subject, we use IT or THERE. We call this a dummy subject. Si no hay otro sujeto,
usamos IT o THERE. A esto lo llamamos sujeto ficticio.

NEUTER FORM

English pronouns distinguish between masculine (he), feminine (she) and neutral (it). The personal pronoun
"it" is used when we refer to things, animals that we do not know their sex or time (calendar and weather).
The plural form of "it" is "they".

Los pronombres en inglés distinguen entre masculino (he), femenino (she) y neutro (it). El pronombre
personal “it” se utiliza cuando nos referimos a cosas, a animales que no sabemos su sexo o al tiempo
(calendario y meteorológico). La forma plural de “it” es “they”.
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Ejemplos:

Where is it [the book]? ¿Dónde está [el libro]?

What time is it? ¿Qué hora es?
It is raining. Está lloviendo.

EXERCISE

Put the correct personal pronoum in the gap. Ponga el pronombre personal correcto en el espacio en
blanco.

1. This is Henry. 6. How are you?

____ comes from Scotland. ____ am fine.

2. Look at Jack and Susan. 7. This is a football.

____ are walking. ____ is blue and white.

3. What time is it? 8. Where are my glasses?

____ is 10 o'clock. ____ are on the table.

4. There are two dogs. 9. Here are Doris and me.

____ are brown and white. ____ are sitting on the wall.

5. Where is Lisa? 10. Where am I?

____ is in town. ____ are here.

VERB TO BE (VERBO SER O ESTAR)

The verb “to be” is the most important verb in English and at the same time, the most complicated. It is used
both as a main verb and as an auxiliary verb and is irregular in the present and the past tense.

El verbo “to be” es el verbo más importante del inglés y al mismo tiempo, el más complicado. Se utiliza tanto
como un verbo principal como un verbo auxiliar y es irregular en el presente y el pasado.

SUJETO VERB TO BE CONTRACTION NEGATIVE CONTRACTIONS

I am I’m am not I’m not
you are you’re are not you’re not/you aren’t
he is he’s is not he’s not/he isn’t
she is she’s is not she’s not/she isn’t
it is it’s is not it’s not/it isn’t
we are we’re are not we’re not/we aren’t
you are you’re are not you’re not/you aren’t
they are they’re are not they’re not/they aren’t
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 STRUCTURE

AFFIRMATIVE

(+) Subject + Verb to be + complement

I am happy

INTERROGATIVE

(?) Verb to be + subject + complement + ?

Are you happy ?

NEGATIVE

(-) Subject + Verb to be + negation + complement

I am not happy

SHORT ANSWERS STRUCTURE

AFFIRMATIVE SHORT ANSWER

(+) Yes, + subject + Verb to be

Yes, I am

NEGATIVE SHORT ANSWER

(-) No, + Subject + Verb to be ++ negation

negation
No, I am not

USES (USOS)

1. Se utiliza “to be” como verbo principal para mostrar el estado o las características de alguien o algo (como
un verbo de estado). También se puede utilizar con las preposiciones de lugar para indicar donde algo está
localizado.

Ejemplos:

Con un sustantivo:

I am a teacher.(Soy profesor.)
You aren’t a student.( No eres estudiante.)
Is he a doctor?( Él es médico?)

Con una preposición de lugar.

She is in New York.(Ella está en Nueva York.)

They aren’t at home.(Ellos no están en casa.)
Is the book on the table?(¿El libro está en la mesa?)
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Con un adjetivo:

We are happy.(Nosotros estamos contentos.)

He isn’t sad.(Él no está triste.)
Are you tired?(¿Estás cansado?)

2. “To be” se utiliza como un verbo auxiliar para formar el presente continuo y la voz pasiva..

3. Para mostrar que algo existe, combinamos “is” o “are” con la palabra “there”..

4. “To be”, como muchos otros verbos, puede ser utilizado con una frase preposicional (phrasal verbs).

EXERCISE: Fill in the blanks using “AM, IS, ARE, AM NOT, ISN’T, AREN’T”. Complete los espacios en
blanco usando "AM, IS, ARE, AM NOT, ISN’T, AREN’T"

1. It ____ an onion. (+)

2. Jasmine ______ a student. (-)
3. We ____ friends. (+)
4. I ____ hungry. (-)
5. Mark ____ 20 years old. (+)
6. A bee ____ a big insect. (-)
7. Newsweek ____ a magazine. (+)
8. I ______ a professional football player. (-)
9. I know you. You ____ in my class. (+)
10.Cows ______ insects. They ____
mammals. (- / +)
11. İzmir ____ a city. (+)

12. He ____ a postman. (+)

13. It ____ nine o’clock. (+)
14. Manhattan ______ an island. (-)
15. Mr. Richards ____ a lawyer. (+)
16. I ____ ill. I ______ happy. (+ / -)
17. London ____ a big city. (+)
18. Dave and Adrian ______ sisters. They ____
brothers. (- / +)
19. New York ____ near to New Jersey. (+)
20. Susan and I ______ teachers. We ____
students. (- / +)
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