Chapter 1: Human Movement

Presented by: Group 1

Introduction to Human Movement
● Movement is a basic activity of man. We start moving during conception and stop at death.
● Physical development and movement is the foundation of physical education. It is about
experiencing and developing a wide range fundamental to specialized complex movements skills
that will improve his/her motor and mental skills, self confidence, self awareness, and personality
in general that are needed in having a healty lifestyle.
● Movement education refers to a wide variety of experiential activities where one learns the
capabilities of their bodies.
Significance of Human Movement
What is the importance of studying movement enhancement?

By having better knowledge about movement mechanisms, we become more

efficient in doing our daily activities, physical education practicums, dance and
sports related skills, and training programs towards more productive work output.
Different Sciences Related to Human
Movements
1. Sports Biomechanics Kinesiology ➔ Refers to the science of human
movement.

2. Exercise Physiology ➔ Deals with the study of internal

systems and how they are affected
by science and movement.

➔ Focuses on the study of human

3. Sports Psychology
behavior.
1. Anatomy ➔ Branch of biology concerned with
the study of organisms.

2. Exercise Physiology ➔ Branch of medicine that study the

distribution and causes of health-
related events.
General Factors Affecting Movement
1. Physiological Factors ➔ Parts of the body, their functions,
and how they affect human
movement.

2. Psychological Factors ➔ Relating to psychology of an

individual and its effects on his
movement.

3. Sociological Factors ➔ Membership in a group that affects

one’s participation.
1. Physical Factors ➔ Individual’s management and
control over their body.

2. Nutrition, Hydration, and Proper ➔ The condition of individuals

Rest nutrition and relaxation.
Parts of the Body
Key to Good Posture, Correct
Allignment, and Proper Placement
The Basic of Movement and it's Meaning
Posture - is the position, pose or figure of the body, specifically when in sitting or
standing position
Alignment - is the proper positioning or state of adjustment of parts in relation to
each other.
Things to Remember for Good Posture
1. In Standing Position
● The head should be facing straight ahead
● Feet should be about shoulder width and pointing slighty outward
● Stand with your weight
● Avoid locking your knees
● Keep your shoulders straight and don't let them slouch forward
● Do not bend over a table or desk without bending your knees
● If standing for a long period of time, shift weight from one foot the other

2. In Sitting Position

● The head should be position

● Sit back straighthand shoulders back
● Tighten the abdominal muscles and cross legs to the ankle
● Distribute body, weight evenly on both nips
● Keep the feet flat on the floor
● When driving, sit close to the pedals
● Avoid sitting in the same position for along period of time
 3. In Lifting Position
● Bend the knees and hips
● Bend from the waist with legs straight
● Hold objects close to the body
Importantance of Correct Alignment

Alignments defines the position of the body before the movement start. It is
important to have a correct alignment to avoid strain on the muscles, fatigue, or
injury.

Correct alignment will help every individual to the do and perform specific
activities efficiently and effective. It helps to maintain awareness on how to take
care of the body properly
Body Types
Man’s Biological Make-up and Fitness
SKELETAL SYSTEM

● The skeletal system is your body’s central framework.

It consists of bones and connective tissue, including
cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. It’s also called the
musculoskeletal system.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM

● An organ system comprised of skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, and cardiac

muscles that are responsible for providing strength, keeping up balance,
maintaining posture, allowing movement and producing heat.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
● The system that circulates blood and lymph through the body, consisting of
the heart, blood vessels, blood, lymph, and the lymphatic vessels and glands.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

● The respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe. It includes your
airways, lungs and blood vessels. The muscles that power your lungs are also part of the
respiratory system. These parts work together to move oxygen throughout the body and clean out
waste gases like carbon dioxide.

NERVOUS SYSTEM
● Your nervous system guides almost everything you do, think, say or feel. It controls complicated
processes like movement, thought and memory. It also plays an essential role in the things your
body does without thinking, such as breathing, blushing and blinking.
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
● The excretory system is the system of an organism's body that
performs the function of excretion, the bodily process of
discharging wastes. There are several parts of the body that
are involved in this process, such as skin, lungs and the kidney
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
● The endocrine system is a network of glands in our body to make the
hormones that help cells talk to each other. They’re responsible for
almost every cell, organ, and function in our body.

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
● The primary function of the integumentary system is to protect the inside
of the body from elements in the environment—like bacteria, pollution,
and UV rays from the sun.
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
● The reproductive system also known as the genital system, is the
biological system made up of all the anatomical organs involved in sexual
reproduction.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
● The digestive system is made up of the digestive tract and other organs
that help the body to break down and absorb food into nutrients such as
carbohydrates, fats and proteins. They can then be absorbed into the
bloodstream so the body can use them for energy, growth and repair.
Common Terms in Anatomical
Structure
● Mid-sagittal/median - vertical plane passing through the centre of the body
(midline) that cuts it longitudinally into right and left halves.
● Sagittal - arbitrary vertical plane passing through the body parallel to the midline,
slicing it longitudinally into right and left parts. To aid your understanding, imagine
that you are slicing an apple - each slide is a sagittal plane.
● Frontal (coronal) - vertical plane at right angle to the sagittal plane that divides the
body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
● Transverse (axial) - horizontal plane at right angles to the sagittal and frontal
planes, slicing the body into a superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions. The
obtained cuts are transverse or axial views.
Anatomical Positions
Anatomical position, often known as standard anatomical position, is the body orientation used
to describe an individual's anatomy. Standing erect and looking forward with the legs parallel to
one another is the standard anatomical stance of the human body. The top limbs, or arms, are
hung on each side, palms facing front. The supine posture is when the body is resting flat
instead of standing erect, with the limbs in the same position.
Three Planes of Human Anatomy
Planes, or the anatomical plane, refers to the hypothetical plane used to
transect (to cut cross) the human body, in order to describe the location of
structure or the direction of movement
1.Sagittal plane (Anteroposterior) is an action perpendicular to the ground
that divides the body into left and right. The midsagittal or median plane is in
the middle of the body, it would pass through the middle structure such as the
navel or spine. Movement that are almost two dimensional, such as straight
forward walking and running , forward lunge, sit-ups and bicep curls take place
in this plane. This plane is seen in the up and down movement of flexion and
extension
Example of Sagittal plane movement.

Forward lunge

Bicep curls Sit-ups

2. Coronal plane (Frontal or lateral) is the action
perpendicular to the ground and divides the body into front (anterior or
ventral) and back (posterior or dorsa). Learning from left to right as side
bends, lateral raises, movements of the arm and legs during jumping jack
are good example of this plane. Abduction and adduction movements are
include in this plane.
Example of Frontal or Lateral plane movement

Jumping jack

Side bend
Lateral raises
3. Transverse plane (Horizontal) is movement parallel to the ground that
divides the body into top (head, superior, cranial) and bottom (tail, inferior,
caudal). Movements in this plane are rotational in nature, such as internal
and external rotation, pronation and supination. Trunk rotation, swinging of
bat in baseball and golf club are good example of this plane.
Example of transverse plane movement.

Trunk rotation

Swinging of bat in
baseball
Swinging of golf club
Three Axis of Rotation
An axis is a straight line around in which an object rotates. It is an intersection of
pair of plane of movement. Also axes are the imaginary lines of a reference system
along which position is measured. Movement at the joint take place in plane about
axis.
Frontal axis passes horizontally from left to right and is formed by
the intersection of the frontal and transverse plane.
Example:

Frontal axis rotation

Somersault
Sagittal axis passes horizontally from posterior(back) to anterior
(front) and is formed by the intersection of the sagittal and transverse
planes.
Example:

Cart wheel Sagittal axis rotation

Vertical axis passes vertically from inferior (below) to
superior (above) and is formed by the intersection of the
sagittal and frontal plane.

Example:

Vertical axis rotation

Figure skating spinning

The Different Anatomical Types of
Movement
Flexion and extension

Flexion refers to decreasing a joint angle, and extension to increasing the joint angle back to resting
anatomical position.
Abduction and adduction

Abduction is moving a body part away from its resting anatomical position in the coronal plane;
adduction is returning it to its normal resting position
Elevation and depression

Elevation refers to lifting, and depression refers to lowering.

Internal and external rotation (medial and lateral rotation)

Internal rotation is rotating a joint towards the midline and external rotation is rotating a joint away from
the midline.
Circumduction

Circumduction is described as a circular motion utilising each of these movements at different parts of

the circular motion.
Pronation and supination

Supination and pronation are terms used to describe the up or down orientation of your hand, arm, or
foot.
Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

Dorsiflexion brings the dorsum (back) of the foot back toward the tibia, While plantar flexion refers to
pointing the foot away from the tibia and down into the ground.
Eversion and inversion

Eversion is the movement of the sole of the foot away from the median plane. While the inversion is the
movement of the sole towards the median plane.
Opposition and re-position

Opposition is the thumb movement that brings the tip of the thumb in contact with the tip of a finger.
Returning the thumb to its anatomical position next to the index finger is called reposition.
Protraction and retraction (and protrusion and retrusion)

Protraction refers to protruding or sticking out. Retraction refers to bringing together.

Sliding

Sliding occurs in synovial joints with two flat surfaces opposing each other.
Concepts of Movement
Movement fundamental is a keystone of functional movement for all individuals. It
has two main concepts namely Movement Concepts and Fundamental Motor Skills.

1.Movement Concepts refer to the understanding of movements that allow individuals to

adapt and adjust their movements into systematized process in order to achieve specific
movement goals.
Space Awareness - to know where and in what direction does the body move.
Effort Awareness - qualities of movement and understanding how the body moves.
Relationships - One should know the company he will deal with and the reason and purpose
why they have to move.
2.Fundamental Motor Skills (FMS) are the set of skills involve in different extremities of the
body such as head, trunk, feet, legs, arms, and hand.
Fundamental Motor Skills
Locomotor Skills body movements that enable the body to move from one place to
another.

Examples:

WALKING RUNNING JUMPING

Non-locomotor Skills refer to actions of certain parts of the body on its horizontal and
vertical axes that does not cause the body to travel.

Examples:

CHEST STRETCH HAMSTRING STRETCH REVERSE LUNGE

Manipulative Skills are movement that involve giving force to objects or receiving force
from objects as one sends, receives, accepts, or retains objects.

Examples:

SPIKE SHOOTING DRIBBLE

Basic Movement Patterns
Basic Movement pattern is simply classifying exercises based on the biomechanical
demands of a certain sports. Categorizing the different movement patterns will
help the strength and conditioning coaches and trainers to identify the most
appropriate training and exercise program suitable for his/her athlete.
BASIC MOVEMENT PATTERNS

1. Squat
Squat is one of the most basic movement patterns.
Squatting in and out of a chair is a normal activity. It
is done by standing feet apart (shoulder distance),
then bending the legs to lower the body down while
maintaining the chest up and lower back straight.
2. Lunge

Lunges are done by stepping one foot forward and

bending, while the other leg (nearly kneeling/touching
the floor) remains stationary. Stepping over a hurdle
while carrying a pale of water or climbing stairs are
examples of lunging movement
3. Push

Pushing movement exercise requires pushing external

weight or objects away from the body or pushing the
body weight away from something, Push up is a very
good example of this exercise. Putting something on a
high area over the head or pushing oneself off the
ground is an example of pushing in sports.
4. Pull

Pulling movement is the exact opposite of pushing

movement. Instead of pushing the object away from the
body, one is pulling it towards the body or pulls the body
weight towards something. Opening the door, starting a
motor boat, and doing pull up exercises are examples or
pulling movement.
5. Twist

Twisting or rotational movement is done when one rotates

at the torso from side-to-side. Reaching the left foot with
the right hand during hamstring stretching is an example of
twisting movement. In sports, batting motion in baseball
and hitting the ball in table tennis are examples of twisting
movement.
6. Bend

Bending movement is done by leaning forward and hinging

motion at the hip joint, with little to no knee movement.
Picking up an object from the ground is an example of
bending. In sports, picking up a ground ball in baseball and toe
touch jump by cheer dancers are some examples of bending.
7. Gait/Combination

Gait is the most common movement pattern. It is a

combination of the different movements. Walking, jogging
and running are examples of gait. It requires several
movement patterns like pulling, lunging, and twisting motion
to propel the body forward.