THE EARLY YEARS OF THE

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

APUSH 10
 U.S. GROWS RAPIDLY
• Rapid population growth
• Total Population doubles every 25 years
• 1st official census in 1790 recorded 4,000,000 people

• New States added to the Union:

• Vermont becomes the 14th state of the U.S. in 1791
• Within the next 14 years, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio would be added
 WASHINGTON’S PRESIDENCY
• Elected unanimously by the electoral
college

• Inaugural address at Wall Street, New York

– April 30, 1789

• Sets many precedents for future presidents:

• Two (four-year) term limit
• Establishment of a cabinet
 WASHINGTON’S CABINET
• Vice President: John Adams

• Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson

• Secretary of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton

• Secretary of War: Henry Knox

 THE BILL OF RIGHTS
• The First 10 Amendments of the
Constitution

• Process for amending the Constitution:

• 2/3 states call for Constitutional
Convention OR
• 2/3 vote in BOTH houses of Congress
 1ST AMENDMENT
• “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free
exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the
people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.”
 2ND AMENDMENT
• “A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the
people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.”
 3RD AMENDMENT
• “No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the
Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.”
 4TH AMENDMENT
• “The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against
unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but
upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place
to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.”
 5TH AMENDMENT
• “No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a
presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval
forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any
person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall
be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life,
liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public
use, without just compensation.”
 6TH AMENDMENT
• “In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial,
by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed,
which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the
nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have
compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of
Counsel for his defence.”
 7TH AMENDMENT
• “In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the
right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-
examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.”
 8TH AMENDMENT
• “Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual
punishments inflicted.”
 9TH AMENDMENT
• “The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or
disparage others retained by the people.”
 10TH AMENDMENT
• “The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to
the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.”
 THE JUDICIARY ACT OF 1789
• Organized the Supreme Court:
• Chief Justice
• 5 justices

• Established Federal District and Circuit Courts

• Established the office of the Attorney General

• John Jay was the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
 HAMILTON’S FISCAL POLICIES
• Favored wealthy
• Trickle down economics

• His first objective: to build National credit

• Assumption
• Central government assumed all state debts incurred during the
war
• Indebted the states to the federal government
• Massachusetts supports the proposal
• Virginia opposes the proposal
• Compromise: District of Columbia
 “THE FATHER OF THE NATIONAL
DEBT”
• Hamilton’s policies to increase internal
revenue:
• 1st tariff law passed in 1789
• 8% on imports
• Excise tax on Whiskey
• 7 cents/gallon

• Whiskey Rebellion
• Washington’s suppression
• “Squashing a gnat with a sledgehammer”
 QUESTION OF THE NATIONAL
BANK
• Hamilton proposed and Jefferson opposed

• Jefferson’s view:
• Appealed to 10th Amendment that what was not expressly granted to the federal government
should be reserved for the states

• Hamilton’s view:
• Appealed to the “Necessary and Proper” clause AKA The Elastic Clause. Government had power
over tax and trade, and it was “necessary and proper” to establish a bank to fulfill those powers
 HAMILTON VS. JEFFERSON

• Hamilton vs. Jefferson regarding the question of a National Bank

 WAYS OF INTERPRETING THE
CONSTITUTION
• Strict Constructionism vs. Broad Constructionism

• Hamilton generally believed that what the Constitution did not forbid, it permitted;
Jefferson, in contrast, generally believed that what it did not permit, it forbade.
 THE NATIONAL BANK
• The Bank of the United States -- 1791

• Chartered for 20 years

• Located in Philadelphia, PA

• One-fifth of it owned by the federal government

 EMERGENCE OF POLITICAL PARTIES
FEDERALISTS DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICANS

• Hamiltonians
• Jeffersonians
• Strong States Government
• Strong Central Government
• Strict Constructionists
• Broad Constructionists
• Supporters: commoners; middle class
• Supporters: wealthy; aristocrats
• Pro-French party
• Pro-British party
• Economy should be based on agriculture
• Economy should be based on merchants and trade
• Opposed the First Bank of the U.S.
• Supported the First Bank of the U.S.
 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
• Storming of the Bastille – 1789

• The French Declaration of the Rights of

Man – 1789

• Reign of Terror – 1793-1794

• Execution of Marie Antionette – 1793
• Execution of King Louis XVI - 1793
 AMERICAN REACTION TO THE
FRENCH REVOLUTION
• Franco-American alliance of 1778
• A “forever” alliance

• Should America enter the war with their French allies?

• Neutrality Proclamation – 1793

 TENSIONS WITH BRITAIN
• British violation of the Treaty of Paris 1783
• Northern frontier posts
• Fur trade
• Openly arming the Miami Confederacy
• Miami victories over the United States army – 1790 & 1791

• Battle of Fallen Timbers – 1794

• Miamis abandoned by the British
• Treaty of Greenville – 1795

• British naval engagements against the Americans

• Seized 300 American merchant ships
• Forced their crews to serve on British vessels
• Threw hundreds of others into terrible dungeons
 POSSIBLE RESPONSES TO
BRITISH HOSTILITIES
• Jeffersonians:
• Favored an embargo on Britain
• Wanted to go to war with Britain once again to defend their liberties

• Hamiltonians:
• Strongly resisted the possibilities of war or embargos
• Hamilton’s economic development depended on trade with Britain
 JAY’S TREATY
• British concessions:
• Pledged to evacuate the chain of posts on U.S. northern frontier
• (This had already been pledged in the Treaty of Paris in 1783)
• Consented to pay damages for the recent seizures of American ships

• American concessions:
• Payment of the debts still owed to British merchants on pre-
Revolutionary accounts

• Omissions:
• Future maritime seizures
• Future supplying of arms to Indians
 PICKNEY’S TREATY
• Spain feared Jay’s Treaty foreshadowed an Anglo-American alliance

• Pickney’s Treaty – 1795

• Free navigation of the Mississippi River
• The right of deposit (warehouse rights) at New Orleans
• Large territory of western Florida
 WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL
ADDRESS
• Never delivered orally
• Printed in newspapers in 1796
• Written by Alexander Hamilton

• Warned against:
• Permanent alliances
• Political Parties

• Washington’s Legacy:
• Central government was solidly established
• Kept the nation out of overseas entanglements and foreign wars
• Two-term tradition
 ELECTION OF 1796
• Federalist candidate:
• John Adams

• Republican candidate:
• Thomas Jefferson

• Adams wins the presidency by a margin of

71 to 68 votes in the Electoral College
 TENSIONS WITH FRANCE
• French were furious Jay’s Treaty
• Claimed it was a violation of the Franco-American Treaty of 1778

• French warships began to seize American merchant vessels

• Paris regime refused to receive America’s envoy and threatened him with arrest

• XYZ Affair
• Charles Maurice de Talleyrand
• $250,000 price for the privilege of merely talking with Talleyrand
• John Marshall
 ADAMS’ FOREIGN POLICY
• Prioritized principle over party
• Federalists wanted war with France
• Political suicide in exchange for peace

• Wanted to avoid war at all costs

• Negotiated a deal with Napoleon Bonaparte at the Convention of 1800

• Adams’ Legacy:
• Preserved peace with France
• Paved the way for the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 under Jefferson’s presidency
 THE FEDERALIST WITCH HUNT
• Federalists wanted to silence the harsh opposition against them

• Alien Laws
• Raised residence requirements from 5 years to 14 years

• Sedition Act
• Anyone who obstructed the policies of the government or falsely defamed its officials, including
the president, would be liable to a heavy fine and imprisonment
• Violation of 1st Amendment rights: Speech & Press

• Alien and Sedition Acts made many converts for the Jeffersonians
 VIRGINIA (MADISON) AND KENTUCKY
(JEFFERSON) RESOLUTIONS
• Brilliant formulations of the extreme states’ rights view regarding the Union
• Advocated nullification (refusal of acceptance) of the Alien and Sedition Acts

• Compact Theory
• The 13 sovereign states entered into a ”contract”/”compact” in creating the federal government
• Consequently, the national government was a creation of the states
• Therefore, the individual states were the final judges as to whether their agent (Federal
Government) had broken the compact by overstepping their limits
• “Water can rise no higher than its source”

• They were later used by southerners to support secession

 REVOLUTION OF 1800
• Thomas Jefferson wins the election of 1800
• Wins the election over John Adams by a 73-65 vote

• The nation swings away from Adams and the Federalists to the Republicans

• Judiciary Act of 1801

• Created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices
• “Midnight judges”
• “Packing” the courts
JOHN MARSHALL
• John Adams’ Secretary of State
• Chief Justice in 1801
• Only 6 weeks of Law school training
• Federalist
• Cousin to Thomas Jefferson
 MARBURY V. MADISON (1803)
• William Marbury
• One of Adams’ ”midnight judges”
• Federalist

• James Madison
• Jefferson’s new Secretary of State
• Tries to shelf Marbury’s commission
• Marbury brings a suit

• John Marshall’s ruling:

• Rules in favor of Madison
• Marshall said that Marbury’s appeal was unconstitutional according to the Judiciary Act of 1789
 MARBURY V. MADISON’S LEGACY
• Denies Marbury’s (a fellow Federalist) suit

• Assigns the Supreme Court powers to determine the meaning of the Constitution

• Establishes the principle: Judicial Review

 THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE
• Purchased from Napoleon of France

• Secured the western half of the Mississippi River Valley

• Meriweather Lewis and William Clark

• Commissioned to survey the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase
• Corps of Discovery
AARON BURR
• Jefferson’s first-term Vice President
• Dropped from the cabinet in Jefferson’s second term
• Joined a radical group of Federalists to plot the secession of New England and
New York
• Alexander Hamilton, though no friend to Jefferson, exposed and foiled Burr’s
conspiracy
• Burr killed Hamilton in a duel
• Later fled to France and attempted to create an Anglo-French alliance to
invade America
 THE WAR OF 1812
• Causes:

• Impressment
• “Orders in Council”

• The Burning of Washington D.C.

• White House
• Capitol building

• The Storm…
 BATTLE OF FT. MCHENRY
• Ft. McHenry – Baltimore, MD

• Americans held off British invasion for 25

hours

• Francis Scott Key

• “Star Spangled Banner”

 “THE STAR SPANGLED BANNER”
(ALL 4 VERSES)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YqvNYfeaYuI
 TREATY OF GHENT
• December 24, 1814

• Negotiated by Madison’s Secretary of State: James Monroe

• The War of 1812 Legacy:

• Second War of Independence

• Nationalism
 THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS
• Fought in January of 1815

• AFTER the Treaty of Ghent was signed

• Lopsided American victory

• British tries to invade New Orleans after the

failure at Baltimore

• Colonel Andrew Jackson becomes a war hero

“THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS” –
JOHNNY HORTON

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=50_iRIcxsz0
 THE ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS
• Federalist opposition is all but vanished

• Political mudslinging decreases

• Democratic-Republicans control the presidency for many years

 MISSOURI COMPROMISE - 1820
• Free states vs. Slave states

• Missouri is admitted as a slave state

• Maine is no longer part of Massachusetts and is made a separate free state
• 12/12 deadlock

• The line of 36º 30’

• All future slavery was prohibited north of the line

MISSOURI COMPROMISE OF 1820
THE MONROE DOCTRINE
• John Q. Adams and James Monroe

• Dec. 2, 1823 – Monroe’s regular annual message to Congress

• Two basic features:

• Non-colonization
• Non-intervention
 ELECTION OF 1824
Candidates Electoral Vote Popular Vote Popular Percentage
Andrew Jackson 99 153,544 42.16%
John Quincy Adams 84 108,740 31.89%
William Crawford 41 46,618 12.95%
Henry Clay 37 47,136 12.99%
THE 12TH AMENDMENT
• If a candidate fails to win a majority of the
electoral vote…

• House of Representatives

• Must choose among the top three

candidates
 THE “CORRUPT BARGAIN” OF 1824
• Speaker of the House: Henry Clay

• Process of elimination led to the

nationalistic John Q. Adams

• Jackson regarded the decision as a

“corrupt bargain”
 ELECTION OF 1828
John Quincy Adams Andrew Jackson
Nationalist-Republican Democratic-Republican
 THE TARIFF OF ABOMINATIONS
•Protectionist tariff
•Protected American industry from competition from Europe

•Well received in the North and the Southwest

•Why?
• It allowed industry in those areas to sale their goods without having to worry about foreign
competitors

•Harshly rejected in the South

•Why?
• Southerners had little manufacturing industry of their own, and were heavy consumers of
manufactured goods
THE NULLIFICATION CRISIS
• “Nullies” in South Carolina

• Tariff of 1832

• “The South Carolina Exposition”

• The Tariff of 1832 null and void in South Carolina

• Threatened to secede from the Union

 WHAT WILL JACKSON DO???
• Privately threatened to invade S.C.

• Threatened to hang all nullifiers

• Dispatched naval and military

reinforcements

• Quietly prepared a sizable army

 THE RESOLUTION OF THE
NULLIFICATION CRISIS
• The compromise Tariff of 1833

• Force Bill is also passed

• The “Bloody Bill”
• Authorized the president to use the
army and navy, if necessary, to
collect federal tariff duties

• Henry Clay: the true hero

 THE TRAIL OF TEARS
• Jacksonian Democrats were committed
to western expansion

• Indian Removal Act

• Forced uprooting of more than
100,000 Indians

• Black Hawk War of 1832

 THE ELECTION OF 1836
• The formation of the Whig party
• Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and
John C. Calhoun

• Martin Van Buren

• 8th President of the U.S.
• The first to be born under the
American flag
• A Jackson “yes man”
 “REMEMBER THE ALAMO"
• Sam Houston and Santa Anna

• Colonel W.B. Travis

• “Victory or Death”

• Jim Bowie and Davy Crockett

• The Texas question

• Slave or Free?