APUSH Period 3

1754-1800
French & Indian War
Historical Context
End of 17th century – America is valuable real estate
People in Canada and America were pawns in a larger chess
game.
Wars in Europe

King William’s War

Queen Anne’s War

King George’s War

Began in Europe, but spilled over into America.

English & French fight over fur trade and control of the Ohio
River Valley.
French & Indian War
Starts in America.
Called the Seven Years War in Europe.
Lasts nine years in America.
French Canadians & native allies VS. British & their
allies.
1754
French built Ft. Duquesne in the Ohio River Valley
Some wealthy planters owned the land
George Washington - 22 years old
Sent to deliver a message to the French- fighting
breaks out and GW is forced to retreat to Ft.
Necessity
Surrender July 4, 1754
North America Before the War
Albany Plan of Union
• Benjamin Franklin organized a
colonial assembly
• 7 colonies attend
• Colonial defense & unified war
effort
–Taxes, Troops
• Want Iroquois to help the British
• Plan fails - don’t want to work
together
• Becomes a model for the future
cooperation
Join or Die
On May 9, 1754, Join, or Die, considered the first American
political cartoon, was printed in The Pennsylvania Gazette.
The impetus for the cartoon, which is believed to have been devised
by Benjamin Franklin, was concern about increasing French
pressure along the western frontier of the colonies.
William Pitt

Initially the war is a disaster

for the British

Becomes leader of British

and changes war strategy

Massive 50,000 man army

Ft. Duquesne falls in 1758

and is renamed Ft. Pitt
(Pittsburgh today)
1763
End of salutary neglect
Treaty of Paris 1763
France gives up all lands in North America
Canada and lands east of Mississippi to Britain
Lands west of the Mississippi to Spain
Britain becomes the naval leader of the world
Spain gives up Florida to Britain
In exchange for Cuba and The Philippines
Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)
• Natives lost a valuable trading partner
• Colonists move into territory won from the
French
• Ottawa Chief Pontiac creates confederation that
attacks frontier forts & settlements
• 2,000 colonists killed or captured
• British distribute blankets infected with
smallpox to the Indians
• Rebellion dies out
Paxton Boys
Western Pennsylvania Scots-Irish settlers
Attack random natives
Vigilante group - demand that colonial government
do something about it
March to Pennsylvania
Along the way murder innocent people
Result - huge increase of troops to defeat Pontiac’s
Proclamation of 1763
• King George draws a line
– Forbids settlement west of the Appalachians
– Leaves the lands to the Indians
– Colonists are outraged
• For the British, the Proclamation
– Saved money
– Prevented Indian trouble
– Kept colonists tied to the Mother Country
• Thousands move west anyway - DEFIANCE
Proclamation Line
Two Viewpoints
• The Colonists
– Happy the French threat is removed
• Anxious to settle western lands
– Lost respect for British army
– Greater confidence
• Thought that they had fought bravely in all 4 wars
• The British
– Were almost broke = huge debt
– Had more land to take care of and less money
– Felt the colonist didn’t do enough to support the war
– Outcome benefitted colonists
– Time to enforce Navigation Acts - assume direct control
North America After the War
The French in America
• British demand French swear allegiance or leave
• Acadians from Nova Scotia – first to leave
– Moved to Louisiana - became known as
“Cajuns”
• French culture and language still dominate the
Canadian Province of Quebec
Question
To what extent was 1763 a turning point in American
relations with Great Britain?
Chapter 6 Essay Prompt
Evaluate the extent to which the Seven Years’ War
(French and Indian War, 1754–1763) marked a turning
point in American relations with Great Britain,
analyzing what changed and what stayed the same
from the period before the war to the period after it.
Road to Revolution
American Revolution
Loyalists vs.
Patriots
British Strengths & Weaknesses

British Strengths British Weaknesses

- Population - Distance

- Money - Large Region

- Navy - Leadership

- Slaves - French

- Amerindians - Factions

- Army
American Strengths & Weaknesses

American Strengths American Weaknesses

‘- Leadership - Badly organized

- France - Economic difficulties

- Military Tactics - Military supplies

- Self-sustaining - Unreliable militiamen

- Marksmen - Morale

- Moral advantage - Commitment

The War
- Battle of Trenton, 1776

- Battle of Saratoga, 1777 - most important

of the war - It inspired French aid which ultimately ensured
American independence.

- Franco-American Alliance - Promised Americans

recognition of independence. Both sides bound themselves
to wage war until the U.S. won its freedom or until both
agreed to terms with Britain.
During the War
Political
Economy
Social
Women
Blacks
Amerindians
Treaty of Paris, 1783
American concessions:
a. Loyalists could not be further persecuted.

b. Congress was to recommend to state legislatures that

confiscated Loyalist property be restored.

c. American states were bound to pay back British

creditors for pre-revolutionary debts.

d. The U.S. did not comply with many of these concessions and it
later became a partial cause of the War of 1812 against Britain.
Results for Europeans
a. Britain lost colonies and other territories.
b. France became bankrupt which led to the French
Revolution.
c. Spain gained little.
Changes After the War
Social
- Amerindians
- Rise of anti-slavery societies occurred during and after the
Revolution in all northern states
- Stronger emphasis on equality was inspired by Enlightenment
ideas
- Women did not enjoy increased rights
Political
- Further reduction of land-holding requirements for voting
occurred in the 1820s.
Religious
- Separation of church and state
- State governments
Gordon Wood, The Radicalism of
the American Revolution, 1991
Thesis: Revolution was the most radical and far-reaching event in
American history.
1. Made the interests and prosperity of ordinary people -- the
pursuit of happiness -- the goal of government
2. Changed the personal and social relationships of people
a. Destroyed aristocracy
b. Made possible egalitarian thinking: subsequent anti-slavery
and women's rights movements
3. Brought respectability and even dominance to ordinary people
long held in contempt Gave dignity to menial labor in a way
unprecedented in history
Gordon Wood (Continued)
4. Brought about an entirely new kind of popular politics and a new
kind of democratic officeholder
5. Inspired powerful popular entrepreneurial and commercial
energies: transformation occurred without the industrial revolution,
urbanization, and railroads (as was the case in Europe)
Articles of Confederation
Under the Articles

Borrow money One branch of government:

Make treaties Congress, responsible
Declare war for making national laws
Deal with the Indians Each state had one (1) vote
in Congress
Control Western lands
No executive (President)
Deal with foreign problems
No judiciary (Courts)
Run Postal Service
Powers Granted & Denied

Weaknesses
● 9 of 13 states had to
approve a proposal before
it could become a law
● All the states had to agree
to amend the Articles of
Confederation
National government could
not collect taxes
The national government had
to ask the individual states
for money
There were national and
state currencies
Each state could regulate
trade with other states
Each state could tax its
residents
Only the states could
establish militias (state
militaries
It Wasn’t All Bad -
Accomplishments
Peace Treaty with Great Britain (treaty of Paris of
1783)
Land Ordinance of 1785 – decided how to
systematically cut up the new lands in the
Northwest Territory; got large states to give up
claims to Western lands.
Northwest Ordinance of 1787– a system which said
new states could be added
Northwest Ordinance
Provided for the organized creation of the 5 states that today
we call OH, IN, MI, IL, WI,
Why were the Articles of Confederation so
weak?
What we didn’t like about the
British. . .
• Taxation without representation
• Large central government
(monarchy) had all the power
• States always had to listen to the
king
• All power was in the King’s
hands.
• King could change the system of
government any time
So the Articles of
Confederation…
• Federal government could not tax
• States didn’t have to follow laws
and treaties.
• States had their own laws and
didn’t have to follow any other
states’ laws
• No executive branch or national
court system.
• Any amendment required all 13
states
Economy in the 1780s
America suffered a depression during the 1780s.
Huge national and state debts were left from the Revolution.
The excessive use of credit to purchase consumer goods after the
war (especially to British merchants) caused debt problems.
A lack of currency plagued the states.
Foreclosures on farms increased as farmers could not pay debts.
Runaway inflation
British companies flooded America with goods at very low prices.
Shay’s Rebellion
Western farmers dealing with high
taxes

Massachusetts law - can’t pay taxes

= jail, loss of property

Daniel Shay leads men to arsenal

for weapons

Federal troops cannot help!

Significance: Shows the weakness

of the Articles of Confederation
This Needs to Be Fixed
During the war and after, under the new government, most people
still saw themselves as “Virginians or South Carolinians” rather
than as Americans.

States had almost all the power - a weak national government was
unable to deal with the problems.
Constitution
Constitutional Convention
• May 1787, in Philadelphia, PA
• 55 delegates attended
• All states represented except RI
• Some influential figures did not attend, including
Thomas Jefferson and Patrick Henry
About the Delegates
• Most delegates were wealthy
• Nearly two-thirds were lawyers
• Forty had served in Confederation Congress
• Over half had been officers in the Continental Army
• Seven former state governors
• Eight signers of the Declaration of Independence
• Average age of 42
How Does the
1. Federalism
Constitution
Guard Against 2. Separation of
Tyranny? Powers
3. Checks &
Balances
Federalism
Powers are shared between the state and national
governments.
Separation of Powers
Checks & Balances
 Compromises at
the Consitutional 1. Great Compromise
Convention 2. 3/5ths Compromise
3. Trade Compromise
4. Presidency
Compromise
Supremacy Clause
Establishes that the federal constitution, and federal
law generally, take precedence over state laws, and
even state constitutions.
Commerce Clause
• Allows the government to
regulate trade with foreign
countries
• Also interstate commerce
(trade between states)
• Used along with the elastic
clause to expand federal
authority:
The landmark 1824 commerce clause – Interstate navigation
case Gibbons v. Ogden dealt with
steamboats sailing from New Jersey to
– Modern civil rights law
New York harbor (shown here)
Necessary & Proper Clause
Congress has the power "to make all Laws which shall
be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution
the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by
this Constitution in the Government of the United
States, or any Department or Officer thereof".
Implied Powers
• Powers not written in the Constitution
• Federal government can exercise them by
assuming the delegated powers
• Stem from the “necessary and proper” (or
“elastic”) clause
• Examples include regulating airlines and
radio and television
The Ratification Debate
The Debate
• Federalist Papers:
– Written by Federalists
Hamilton, Madison, and
Jay
– Essays explaining and
supporting ratification
– Published first in leading
newspapers, later in
book form
• Similar to the writers of The
Federalist, some wrote
urging rejection of the
Constitution:
– Letters From the
Federal Farmer (Lee
and Smith)
– Observations on the
New Constitution
(Warren)
– “Objections to This
Constitution of
Government” (Mason)
Federalist #84
…I go further, and affirm that bills of rights, in the sense and to the
extent in which they are contended for, are not only unnecessary in
the proposed Constitution, but would even be dangerous. They
would contain various exceptions to powers not granted; and, on this
very account, would afford a colorable pretext to claim more than
were granted. For why declare that things shall not be done which
there is no power to do? Why, for instance, should it be said that the
liberty of the press shall not be restrained, when no power is given
by which restrictions may be imposed?
Objections to this Constitution of
Government
There is no Declaration of Rights, and the laws of the general government
being paramount to the laws and constitutions of the several States, the
Declarations of Rights in the separate States are no security. Nor are the
people secured even in the enjoyment of the benefits of the common
law…

This government will set out a moderate aristocracy: it is at present

impossible to foresee whether it will, in its operation, produce a
monarchy, or a corrupt, tyrannical aristocracy; it will most probably
vibrate some years between the two, and then terminate in the one or the
other…

George Mason
Virginia
• Crucial to the legitimacy of the new government
• Henry and Mason led the Anti-Federalists
• Washington and Madison led the Federalists
• Federalists won after proposing 20 amendments that the
legislature would consider after ratification
New York
• Anti-Federalists believed NY too large to cede authority
to a central government
• Hamilton’s influence and The Federalist swayed some
Anti-Federalists’ opinion
• Virginia’s ratification tipped the balance in NY
• NC and RI ratified later
Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights
I – RAPPS (Religion, Assembly, Press, Petition, Speech)
II – right to bear arms
III – no quartering troops during peacetime
IV – no unlawful search and seizure
V – rights of accused persons
VI – right to an attorney and trial by jury
VII – civil suits over $20 get jury trial
VIII – no cruel and unusual punishment or excessive bail
IX – citizens have more rights than are listed here
X – reserved rights of the states
Tenth Amendment
The powers not delegated to the United States by the
Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are
reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.
Washington’s Administration
America in the 1790s
Population nearly 4 million
doubling every 25 years
90% of Americans lived on farms
Public debt large ($52 million) – revenue low,
worthless paper $
Threats from GB and Spain threatened fragile unity
of US
Washington’s Presidency
Election
Unanimously elected President
by Electoral College in 1789
Took oath of office on April 30,
1789 in temporary capital of
NYC.
John Adams had 2nd most votes
and elected VP.
The Cabinet
Constitution does not provide for this.
Only 3 department positions created with appointments
Cabinet shaped by ideological feud between Jefferson &
Hamilton
State – Thomas Jefferson
Treasury – A. Hamilton
War – Henry Knox
Attorney General – Edmund Jennings Randolph (after passage of
Judiciary Act of 1789)
Hamilton vs. Jefferson

Strong national government Weak national government

Rich,well educated should Faith in the common people,

rule especially farmers

Raise voting qualifications Lower voting qualifications

Loose interpretation of Strict interpretation of the

Constitution Constitution

Balanced economy Economy based on agriculture

National debt is good Pay off the national debt

National bank Opposed a national bank

Judiciary Act 1789
Organized the Supreme Court with a Chief Justice
(John Jay) and five associates.
Organized federal district and circuit courts.
Established the office of the Attorney General.
Hamilton’s Financial Plan
1. Report on Public Credit (1790)
a. Plan to shape fiscal policies of admin to favor wealthier
groups.
b. In return wealthy would loan money to gov’t
c. Prosperity would trickle down to the masses
2. Report on Manufactures (1791)
a. Advocated promotion of factory system
b. Basis of his tariff plan to protect American manufacturers
Hamilton’s Plan (“BE FAT”)
Bank
Components
Treasury would place surplus revenue here
Gov’t would be major stockholder, but bank
would be private institution
Government would print paper money to provide
a stable national currency
Opposition to the Bank
Jefferson and Madison felt states’ rights would be jeopardized by huge central
bank.
Moneyed interests would take precedence over farmers
State banks would not be able to compete.
“Strict Constructionism” – Bank NOT within power of Congress to create
Hamilton’s Counter Argument
“Loose Constructionism” – powers not delegated to the national gov’t in
Constitution are not prohibited by virtue of necessary and proper
(elastic) clause. Concept of “implied powers.”

Washington signed bank measure into law Feb. 1791

Hamilton’s Plan Continued
Excise Taxes
In 1791 – Congress passed a $.07/gal tax on whiskey
Backcountry distillers most affected
Poor roads hurt profits
Whiskey often used as currency because so much
Funding at Par
Bonds had depreciated 10-15 cents
Plan to pay back gov’t debt to bondholders at face value plus
interest
Purpose to bolster national credit
Hamilton’s Plan Continued
Assumption of State Debts
Motive: make the states obligated to the federal government
Hamilton thought the national debt was a blessing
States with large debts favored (MA); states with little to no debt
did not (VA) - Became a north v. south issue
Compromise: north got assumption of debts while south got
national capital moved to District of Columbia
Tariffs
Revenue Act of 1789 - 8% tariff on imports
Source of revenue but also aimed at protecting new US industries.
Whiskey Rebellion

Southwest Pennsylvania backcountry hit hard by excise tax

“Whiskey Boys” torched bldgs, tarred and feathered tax collectors,
talked of “secession”
Washington summoned militia of several states (13,000) – escorted
by Washington and Hamilton themselves
Significance: First display of fed’l gov’t “ensuring domestic
tranquility”
Jeffersonians condemned action as a “brutal display of force” and
gained more followers.
Amerindians in Old Northwest
Iroquois forced onto reservations
Chief Little Turtle led the Western Confederacy in
opposition to westward expansion
Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794) - Forced to abandon
British allies
Treaty of Greenville (1795) - Cleared ⅔ of Ohio &
Indiana of tribes
Eastern Woodlands tribes forced west
Political Parties
Birth of Two-Party System
Founding Fathers feared of “factions” as going
against spirit of national unity.
Madison’s Federalist #10 advised that factions
cannot be prevented but they could be
controlled
Frequent elections and separation of powers
Majority rule, but minority rights
FEDERALISTS
NOT the same as the “federalists” who supported the Constitution in 1780s
- although some views in common
Believed in gov’t run by the elite
Rich had more time to study problems of governing
Distrusted the common people
Feared rule by “mobocracy”
Believed democracy too important to be left to the people.
Fed’l gov’t should encourage business, not interfere with it.
Dominated by merchants, manufacturers and shippers
Most lived on eastern seaboard where commerce flourished.
Pro-British in Foreign Policy
Trade with Great Britain was key to Hamilton’s plan
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICANS
Advocated for rule of the people
Should be literate, but believed that “masses” could be taught
Appealed to middle-class (farmers, laborers, artisans, small
shopkeepers) - Strong in South & Southwest
Government that governed best, governed least
Bulk of power should be retained by states.
Limit federal power through strict interpretation of Constitution.
National debt was a curse that should be paid off ASAP
Believed in freedom of speech
Basically pro-French
Foreign Policy
First Test: French Revolution
French declared themselves a
“republic” and originally
Americans supported
them, but violence
changed public opinion
Jeffersonians still support
France
Hamiltonians want to stay
neutral
US still obligated under
Franco-American Alliance
of 1778
Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation (1793)
US would be neutral
Warned US citizens to be impartial to both sides.
Jefferson furious – Washington did not consult Congress
Hamilton supported it.

Citizen Genet
French diplomat in US who felt Neutrality Proclamation not a
true reflection of US feelings towards France
Went to people directly to ask for money and supplies for war
cause
George Washington booted him out of country.
Second Test: Problems with
Britain
Great Britain was a thorn in US side
constantly harassing US frontier settlers
Seized 300 US ships and impressed (stole) US
sailors.
Remained in posts in violation of 1783 peace
treaty
Sold firearms and alcohol to Natives who
attacked US settlers.
Federalists did NOT want war (75% of import duties
from British trade)
Jeffersonians wanted embargo
Jay’s Treaty
Washington sent Jay to negotiate a
treaty in 1794
Provisions
GB renewed pledge to leave
posts
GB would pay for recent
seizures of ships, sailors
GB did not guarantee they
would not do it in the
future though
AND US forced to pay
PRE-Revolution debts
owed to GB

Jeffersonian outrage resulted in creation of

Democratic Republican Party
Pinckney Treaty
Spain worried about Anglo-American alliance – ready to
give up some rights in North America
Granted US rights to navigate Mississippi and port of New
Orleans
Yielded large tract of land north of Florida (north of 31st
parallel)
Washington’s Farewell Address
Historical Context
Exhausted physically and tired of
verbal abuse from Jefferson for
becoming partisan
Letter to the People
Warned of evils of political parties
Warned of entangling alliances (like
treaty with France)
Isolationism became dominant foreign
policy for next 100 yrs.
Washington’s Precedents
Cabinet of advisors that were regularly consulted
Right to choose cabinet
Two Term Maximum
Outside appointment of a Chief Justice to the
Supreme Court
Adam’s Presidency
John Adams’ Presidency
Election
1796 - Defeats Thomas Jefferson 71 -66 in Electoral
College
Jefferson becomes VP
Foreign Flare-Ups
France
Saw Jay’s Treaty as a violation of 1778 Franco-
American Treaty
Seized 300 merchant vessels by mid-1797
Refused to receive America’s new envoy
XYZ Affair
John Adams sent delegation to France to work it out
Approached by 3 French agents (“X, Y and Z”) who demanded loan
and bribe of 250,000 to talk to French foreign minister
Talleyrand.
“Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute (bribes)”
Negotiations broke down
Undeclared “Quasi War” with France 1798-1800
Navy Department created - US expanded its 3 ship
Navy
US Marine Corps established
Embargo with France imposed (no trade)
Convention of 1800
John Adams sent new envoy to France in 1800
Napoleon accepted – more bent on European conquest, not
war with US
Improved Relations made Louisiana Purchase possible 3 years
later.
22 year alliance between US and France dissolved.
Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)
Oppressive laws designed to reduce power of Jeffersonians and silence
anti-war opposition
a. Alien Act
i. Attack on pro-Jeffersonian “aliens”
ii. Raised residency requirements for US citizenship from 5 yrs to 14 yrs.
iii. President could deport “dangerous” foreigners.
b. Sedition Act
i. Anyone who impeded policies of the gov’t or falsely criticized its
officials would get heavy fine and imprisonment.
ii. Direct violation of 1st Amendment
iii. Expired day before Adams left office.
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
(1798)
Democratic Republicans felt Alien and Sedition Acts were
unconstitutional
Jefferson and Madison secretly penned two resolutions that
asserted that states have the right to nullify unconstitutional
laws passed by Congress.
Federalists retorted that the people, not states created
Constitution and that the Supreme Court and not states
determined the constitutionality of laws.
Nullification - belief that the states were the final judges of
whether a federal law was constitutional
No other states but VA and KY adopted resolutions, but southern
states would use this later in 19th century to support
nullification and secession.
Revolution of 1800
Rematch Adams (President) vs. Jefferson (Vice
President)
Jefferson and Burr tie for electoral votes
Significance: Peaceful and orderly transfer of power