PERIOD 3

Unit Essential Questions:

1. What were the causes and consequences of the American Revolution?
2. How did leading Americans address regional differences to develop a federal government?
3. In what ways did migrations across North America intensify conflicts?

Practice Prompts (links) → LEQ & DBQ:

2018 – SAQ 1: Interpretations of American Revolution

2017 – SAQ 1: Articles of Confederation

2017 – DBQ: Ideas about American independence

2016 – SAQ 4: Causes of Revolution

2015 – SAQ 3: American Revolution

2015 – LEQ 2: Seven Years’ War

2012 – LEQ 2: Impact of Seven Years’ War

2010 – LEQ 2: American Revolutionary victory

2009 – LEQ 2: British imperial policies

2007 – LEQ 2: Violent protests in the backcountry

2006 – DBQ: Republican Motherhood

2005 – DBQ: Effects of the Revolution

2004 – DBQ: Seven Years’ War

2004 – LEQ 2: Impact of Revolution

2003 – LEQ 2: Articles of Confederation

2002 – LEQ 3: Constitutional leaders

2000 – LEQ 3: Opposition to slavery

Article and Video links for additional info:

APUSH Period 3 Review The American Revolution & Establishment of Democracy (1754-1800) | Fiveable
2021 Live Review 2 | AP U.S. History | Period 3 (1754 – 1800)
APUSH Unit 3 Review (Period 3: 1754-1800)—Everything You NEED to Know
APUSH Period 3 Speed Review
APUSH Period 3- Big Picture Ideas
APUSH Period 3 Meme Review (1754-1800)
3.2
French and Indian War - Causes and Effects (1754-1763)

Causes:

● The primary cause of the French and Indian War was territorial disputes over the Ohio River
Valley.
● British American colonists were encroaching on land claimed by the French, leading to
tensions.
● George Washington, a young Virginia officer, played a role when he was sent to warn the
French about British claims but was rebuffed.
● The French subsequently captured the British Fort Duquesne, sparking hostilities.

Albany Congress:

● The Albany Congress, also known as the Albany Convention, was convened to discuss
colonial defense against the French and Indians.
● Benjamin Franklin introduced the Albany Plan of Union, which proposed a council of
representatives for coordinated colonial defense, trade, and expansion.
● The plan was not adopted but laid the foundation for future revolutionary congresses.

Progress of the War:

● Initially, the French had the upper hand, and the conflict was going poorly for the British
colonists.
● As the war expanded into a global conflict, British policies, such as forced impressment and
quartering troops, led to colonial resentment.

Effects:

● The war ended in 1763 with the Peace of Paris, resulting in significant consequences for the
American colonists.
● Spain ceded Florida to the British, and the French were removed from North America.
● The British gained control of all land east of the Mississippi River, including the Ohio River
Valley.

Consequences:
 ​ Westward Expansion: British control of the Ohio River Valley led to increased American
colonist migration westward, intensifying conflicts with Native Americans.
​ Proclamation Line of 1763: The British Parliament established the Proclamation Line,
prohibiting colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. Many colonists defied
this order, leading to further tensions.

Financial Strain:

● The war was costly, doubling the British national debt and significantly increasing colonial
expenses.
● To cover these costs, the British Parliament decided to raise taxes on the American colonies,
a decision that would contribute to colonial resentment and tensions.

The video sets the stage for understanding the causes and effects of the French and Indian War,

which would have significant implications for colonial relations with Britain and contribute to the

lead-up to the American Revolution.

3.3
Salutary Neglect (Concept)

● Salutary neglect was a term describing the loose governance of the American colonies by
Britain due to the geographical distance.
● Colonists were largely left to govern themselves, and British laws, like the Navigation Acts,
were not rigorously enforced.

British Attempts to Regain Control

● British Prime Minister George Grenville implemented a three-pronged plan.

● Stricter enforcement of existing laws, such as the Navigation Acts.
● The Quartering Act of 1765 required colonists to house and feed British soldiers.
● The Sugar Act imposed taxes on various items, including molasses.
● The Stamp Act of 1765 taxed paper items like newspapers and legal contracts.
● The Currency Act prohibited colonial assemblies from printing paper currency.

"No Taxation Without Representation"

● Colonists began protesting against taxation without representation.

● They argued that as British citizens, they should have a say in taxation.
● British officials claimed colonists were virtually represented in Parliament.

Resistance Groups and Actions

● Groups like the Sons of Liberty, Daughters of Liberty, and Vox Populi organized protests and
boycotts.
● The Stamp Act Congress in 1765 petitioned Parliament for the repeal of the Stamp Act.
● Parliament repealed the Stamp Act but passed the Declaratory Act, asserting its right to
legislate for the colonies.

Townshend Acts and Boycotts

● The Townshend Acts of 1767 imposed taxes on imported goods like paper, tea, and glass.
● Colonists organized boycotts of British goods, uniting people from all social classes.
● Women played a significant role in these boycotts, crafting goods domestically.

Boston Massacre (1770)

 ● A confrontation between colonists and British soldiers led to gunfire.
● Eleven colonists were shot, and four died.
● John Adams defended the soldiers in court, and most were acquitted, but the event fueled
anti-British sentiment.

Boston Tea Party (1773)

● The Tea Act of 1773 imposed a tax on tea and granted the British East India Company a tea
monopoly in the colonies.
● In protest, the Sons of Liberty disguised as Indians and dumped British tea into Boston
Harbor.
● Parliament responded with the Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts) in 1774, closing Boston
Harbor and imposing further restrictions.

Colonial Militias

● In response to the Coercive Acts, colonists formed militias and prepared for potential conflict
with British forces.

Conclusion

● The video covers events leading to the American Revolution, highlighting colonists'
resistance to British taxation and restrictions.
● The growing tension and acts of defiance laid the groundwork for the American Revolution.
3.5

1. The Loyalists (Late 18th Century)

● Not all colonists supported independence from Britain.

● About half of the colonists were patriots, while others remained neutral or loyal to the British
crown.
● The loyalists posed a significant internal opposition.

2. The War (Late 18th Century)

● The Continental Army, led by George Washington, faced numerous challenges at the start of
the war.
● Soldiers were poorly armed, poorly trained, and often coerced into service by local
authorities.
● Regional differences and loyalties complicated maintaining a cohesive force.
● In 1776, Washington's attempt to move his army from Boston to New York faced resistance,
with some soldiers deserting.
● The war was characterized by its difficulties and challenges.

3. The Victory (Late 18th Century)

● The Americans realized that they needed to wage a war of attrition against the British to
prolong the conflict and tire them out.
● Support from France was crucial and was secured after the American victory at the Battle of
Saratoga in September 1777.
● France saw the American cause as an opportunity to weaken Britain and decided to ally with
the Americans.
● Spain and Holland also entered the war against Britain, further stretching British resources.
● The final major battle took place in Yorktown, Virginia, in 1781, where Washington and the
Continental Army, supported by French forces, secured a decisive victory.
● The British surrendered at Yorktown, marking a turning point in the war.

4. Role of Black Americans (Late 18th Century)

● Initially hesitant to integrate black Americans into the army, Washington eventually offered
freedom to enslaved individuals who fought for the American side.
● Throughout the war, around 5,000 black men fought for the patriot cause, including free
blacks from the North and those liberated from the South.
5. Conclusion (Late 18th Century)

● In 1783, the Paris Peace Treaty was signed by all parties in Paris.
● Britain officially recognized America as an independent nation, with its western boundary
established at the Mississippi River.
● This marked the formal end of the Revolutionary War.

This detailed summary provides specific dates and key events related to the American Revolution

and the factors that led to American victory over Britain

3.6
Impact on American Society

● Revolutionary literature emphasized liberty and rights, sparking concerns about societal
inequality.
● The Declaration of Independence's statement, "all men are created equal," contrasted with
the existence of slavery.
● Initially, the revolutionary spirit led to actions such as the abolition of slavery in many
northern states and the Continental Congress's ban on importing enslaved laborers.
● These efforts enjoyed broad support but were short-lived due to economic interests in the
South.
● The revolution led to greater democratic influence in state and national governments, with
state legislatures universalizing suffrage and abolishing titles of nobility.
● Women played significant roles during the war, contributing to the war effort in various ways.
● The concept of "Republican Motherhood" emerged, highlighting women's importance in
raising sons who understood republican principles.

Impact on Global Society

● The American colonists' unexpected victory against Britain inspired the world with their new
government based on Enlightenment ideals.
● The French Revolution began in 1789, influenced by American ideals, leading to the
overthrow of the monarchy and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.
● The Haitian Revolution (1791) in the French colony of Haiti resulted in independence and
was the first successful revolution of enslaved people.
● Latin American countries, including Mexico, Peru, Venezuela, and Chile, rebelled against
colonial powers Spain and Portugal.

Conclusion

● Revolutionary ideals had a profound impact on American society, leading to greater

democratic participation and debates on slavery and women's roles.
● Globally, the American Revolution inspired similar movements, including the French and
Haitian Revolutions, and Latin American independence movements.
● These events reshaped societies and politics, setting the stage for the spread of democratic
principles and the end of colonial rule.
3.7
Background and Formation of Articles of Confederation

● On July 4, 1776, the Continental Congress declared independence from Britain.

● Following independence, the need arose for a constitution to organize political authority in the
newly formed states.
● The Articles of Confederation were ratified in 1781 and became the nation's governing document.

Influences on the Articles of Confederation

● The Articles were influenced by existing state constitutions and the principles of state
governments.
● State constitutions, both before and during the Revolution, concentrated power in the legislative
branch, emphasizing representation by the people.

Features of the Articles of Confederation

● The Articles of Confederation did not provide for an executive or president.

● There was no national supreme court.
● All political power was vested in the legislative branch.
● Each state in the legislature had one vote, and changes to the Articles required a super-majority
of 9 out of 13 states.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

● The Northwest Ordinance was passed under the Articles of Confederation.

● It promoted public education, protected private property, abolished slavery in the Northwest
Territory, and outlined a process for unorganized territories to apply for statehood.

Shays's Rebellion and Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

● By the mid-1780s, the American economy faced challenges, particularly for farmers who
struggled with debt and inflation.
● Daniel Shays led a militia of angry farmers in Massachusetts to protest their economic hardships.
● Massachusetts requested federal help, but there was no president or federal army under the
Articles of Confederation.
● Shays's Rebellion highlighted the weaknesses of the Articles and the need for a stronger national
government.

Transition to a New Constitution

● The weaknesses exposed by Shays's Rebellion led to discussions among local and federal
leaders about the possibility of crafting a new Constitution.
3.8
The Constitutional Convention (1787)

● The Constitutional Convention took place in 1787 in Philadelphia.

● Initially, the goal was to amend the Articles of Confederation, but delegates decided to create a
new Constitution.
● Key figures like James Madison and Alexander Hamilton influenced the decision to create a new
Constitution with more federal power.
● The main debate was about representation in the federal government, with two plans: the Virginia
Plan (bicameral, based on population) and the New Jersey Plan (unicameral, equal representation
for states).
● The Great Compromise was reached, leading to a bicameral legislature: the House of
Representatives (based on population) and the Senate (equal representation for states).

Debate Over Slavery and Representation

● There was a contentious debate over counting enslaved people for representation in the House of
Representatives.
● The Three-Fifths Compromise was established, allowing three-fifths of the enslaved population to
be counted.
● A compromise was also made to protect slavery until 1808.
● The electoral college was established to elect the president, removing direct popular voting.

Ratification of the Constitution

● Ratification required nine out of thirteen states to agree.

● Two sides emerged: Federalists (supporting the Constitution, including Alexander Hamilton,
James Madison, and John Jay) and Anti-Federalists (opposing it, concerned about federal power
and individual rights).
● The Federalists promoted the Constitution through the Federalist Papers, a series of essays
published in newspapers.
● The Anti-Federalists were concerned about the lack of a Bill of Rights.
● The Federalists won the battle, and the Constitution was ratified by nine states in 1788.

Conclusion

● The video highlights the debates, compromises, and the ultimate ratification of the United States
Constitution in 1788, becoming the governing document of the newly formed nation.

Please note that the video did not provide specific dates for some events, so approximate dates have

been used based on historical knowledge.

3.9
Federalism:

● Federalism is the sharing of power between the national government and state governments.
● The Supremacy Clause (Article VI) establishes that national law trumps state law when they
conflict.
● Enumerated powers, outlined in Article I, Section 8, are specific powers granted to the federal
government.
● The Tenth Amendment reserves powers not specifically mentioned in the Enumerated powers to
the federal government to the states.
● Examples of state powers include defining legal relationships like marriage or divorce.

Separation of Powers:

● The Constitution establishes three branches of government: legislative, executive, and judicial.
● The legislative branch makes laws, the executive branch (headed by the President) enforces
them, and the judicial branch (Supreme Court) interprets laws.
● The framers designed this separation of powers to prevent any single branch from accumulating
too much power.
● Checks and balances were built into the system, such as the President's veto power over
legislation, which can be overridden by Congress with a two-thirds majority vote.
● The system of checks and balances is designed to protect the American people from potential
tyranny by ensuring that power is distributed and controlled among various entities.
3.10
George Washington's Presidency

● In 1789, George Washington was unanimously elected as the first President of the United States.
● He established executive departments, including the Treasury, War, State, and Justice
departments, each headed by a secretary.
● Alexander Hamilton, as Secretary of the Treasury, proposed the creation of a National
Bank in 1791.
● This policy aimed to unify the states, improve national credit, and absorb state debts
from the Revolutionary War.
● It was controversial, with opponents arguing that it was not explicitly allowed by the
Constitution.
● Hamilton invoked the "necessary and proper" (elastic) clause to justify its creation.
● Washington issued the Proclamation of Neutrality in 1793 during the outbreak of the French
Revolution, declaring the U.S. neutral in European conflicts.
● The French minister to the U.S., Edmond Genet, sought American support for France, causing
tensions.
● John Jay's Treaty with Britain in 1795 did not address ship seizures but secured the withdrawal of
British posts from the western frontier.

Foreign Relations and Domestic Issues

● The Pinckney Treaty in 1795 allowed Americans to use the port at New Orleans for trade along
the Mississippi River and established the southern border of the U.S. at the 31st parallel.
● Westward expansion led to conflicts with American Indian tribes, culminating in the Battle of
Fallen Timbers in 1794, resulting in the surrender of Indian lands in the Ohio Valley.
● The Whiskey Rebellion of 1794 was triggered by a tax on whiskey, leading to violence in
Pennsylvania.
● President Washington demonstrated the effectiveness of the new Constitution by sending federal
troops to suppress the rebellion.
● The emergence of the two-party political system: Federalists led by Alexander Hamilton, favoring
a strong central government, financial stability, and urban and elite interests, and Democratic
Republicans led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, advocating for states' rights, agrarian
interests, and a more limited federal government.
● Federalists and Democratic Republicans held differing views on issues like the role of the federal
government, interpretation of the Constitution, and the nation's economic future.
● In his Farewell Address, Washington warned against factionalism, political parties, and entangling
alliances with European nations.

John Adams' Presidency

● John Adams succeeded Washington as President in 1797.

● Tensions with France led to the XYZ Affair in 1797-1798, where French diplomats demanded
bribes before negotiations.
● Adams's Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) allowed the government to imprison or deport
non-citizens and criminalized criticism of the government.
● The Democratic Republicans vehemently opposed these acts, seeing them as an infringement on
civil liberties and freedom of speech.
● The Federalists, led by Adams, supported a pro-British stance during the conflict with France.
● Adams was not reelected, and Thomas Jefferson became President in the election of 1800.
3.11

● The video focuses on explaining the changes in American culture from 1754-1800.

The Role of Women

● Women in early American society had limited rights, including no voting rights.
● The concept of "Republican Motherhood" emerged, emphasizing the importance of mothers in
raising virtuous and educated sons.
● Benjamin Rush's 1787 essay "Essay on Female Education" promoted this idea.
● Massachusetts introduced elementary education for all children in 1789, including girls.
● Some women, like Judith Sargent Murray, advocated for expanded roles for women, though full
independence would take time.
● The push for women's education primarily applied to white women; enslaved black women and
American Indian women saw their influence diminish during this period.

Art, Literature, and Architecture

● Art, literature, and architecture during the colonial period were mainly influenced by European
styles.
● Artists like Charles Willson Peale depicted historical themes with Enlightenment influence.
● Samuel Jennings included women and black individuals in his paintings, emphasizing rationality
and education.
● John Trumbull romanticized historical events in his paintings, (such as the signing of the
declaration of independence) fostering a sense of nationalistic fervor.
● Architectural styles featured formal brick and stone, reflecting classical revival styles, exemplified
by Thomas Jefferson's Monticello.
● Benjamin Franklin's "Poor Richard's Almanack" was widely read, filled with aphorisms that shaped
the identity of industrious and hardworking Americans.

Religious Freedom

● Thomas Jefferson's Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom defined the separation between
church and state.
● The statute emphasized that people could not be compelled to support church ministry with tax
dollars or attend church against their will.
● This separation of church and state was a fundamental aspect of American identity.

Conclusion

● Various aspects of society, including women's roles, art, literature, architecture, and religious
freedom, contributed to the development of a distinct American identity in the early republic.
Dates the Constitution was Ratified:

● Delaware: December 7, 1787

● Pennsylvania: December 12, 1787

● New Jersey: December 18, 1787

● Georgia: January 2, 1788

● Connecticut: January 9, 1788

● Massachusetts: February 6, 1788

● Maryland: April 28, 1788

● South Carolina: May 23, 1788

● New Hampshire: June 21, 1788 (With this state’s ratification, the

Constitution became legal.)

● Virginia: June 25, 1788

● New York: July 26, 1788

● North Carolina: November 21, 1789

● Rhode Island: May 29, 1790 (Rhode Island did not hold a Constitutional

Convention.)
The timeline:

1754-1763 French and Indian War.

1763 Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War.

1763 Proclamation Act.

1764 Sugar Act.

1765 Stamp Act.

1767 Townshend Acts.

1770 Boston Massacre.

1773 Boston Tea Party

1774 First Continental Congress meets.

1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord.

1775 Second Continental Congress meets. Battle of Bunker hill

1776 Common Sense and Declaration of Independence published. Battle of Trenton

1777 Battle of Saratoga → French is on U

1781 Articles of Confederation ratified.

1783 Treaty of Paris ends the Revolutionary War

1786 Shays Rebellion

1788 Constitution ratified.

1789 George Washington was inaugurated as the first President.

1791 Bill of Rights approved.

1794 Whiskey Rebellion

1796 John Adamswas elected.

1798 Alien and Sedition Acts.

Important Vocabulary:

1. Albany Plan 21. Antifederalists

2. Lexington and Concord Jay’s Treaty 22. Townshend Act
3. Proclamation of 1763 23. George Washington
4. Battle of Long Island 24. nonimportation agreements
5. XYZ Affair 25. William Howe
6. natural rights 26. committees of correspondence
7. Valley Forge 27. Baron Von Steuben
8. Sedition Act 28. Tea Act
9. William Pitt 29. James Madison
10. Battle of Yorktown 30. Continental Congress
11. John Adams 31. Judiciary Act
12. Sugar Act 32. Thomas Paine
13. Treaty of Paris 33. Bill of Rights
14. Stamp Act 34. Common Sense
15. Articles of Confederation 35. B.U.S.
16. virtual representation 36. Samuel Adams
17. Shay’s Rebellion 37. French Revolution
18. Quartering Act 38. Thomas Jefferson
19. Federalists 39. Whiskey Rebellion
20. Sons of Liberty
Major Ideas
● Competition amongst foreign nations over resources in the new world led to the French and
Indian War between France and England.
● The desire of colonial governments to assert parliamentary rule during the attempts to raise
revenue by the British led to a movement for independence.
● Enlightenment Ideas supported the calls for revolution as England denies the colonies
representation in their Parliament. In addition, the same ideas emphasized talent over
bloodlines and an end to hereditary privilege.
● The victory over England resulted in migration westward and the creation of the Land
Ordinance and Northwest Ordinance to create guidelines for expansion.
● Ideological factions such as the Federalists and Anti-Federalists developed as the country
debated the creation of the new Constitution following the inability of the Articles of
Confederation to address the needs of the new nation.
● Political parties developed over debates centered around finance, foreign affairs, trade, and
domestic disputes.
● The expansion of slavery and disputes with Native Americans arose as migration patterns
carried settlers westward.
● The issue of slavery and equality is discussed as movements for abolition begin to arise in
northern states.

7 Themes
PERIOD 4
Unit Essential Questions:
1. How did the United States government adapt to changing demographics in the early 19th
century?
2. In what ways did the market revolution impact American society?
3. How did the US participate in foreign affairs in the early 19th century?

Practice Prompts (links) → SAQ, LEQ, & DBQ:

2017 - LEQ 1: Effect of market revolution on women

2015 - LEQ 3: Mexican-American War

2014 - LEQ 3: Jacksonian Democrats vs. Whigs

2013 - DBQ: Opposition to Slavery

2013 - LEQ 3: US in the world 1789-1823

2012 - LEQ 3: Sectional tensions

2011 - LEQ 3: Development of political parties

2008 - LEQ 3: Impact of Market Revolution

2007 - LEQ 3: Second Great Awakening

2005 - LEQ 3: Mexican-American War

2004 - LEQ 3: Effectiveness of political compromise

2003 - LEQ 3: Developments in transportation

2002 - DBQ: Reform movements

2001 - LEQ 3: Jacksonian Era

Article and Video links for additional info:

APUSH Period 4 Review (1800-1848)
Period 4: 1800-1848: Unit test | Khan Academy
2021 Live Review 3 | AP U.S. History | Period 4 (1800 – 1848)
APUSH Unit 4 REVIEW [Period 4: 1800-1848]—Everything You NEED to Know
APUSH Period 4 Speed Review
U.S. History Meme Review 1800-1848 (APUSH Period 4)
4.2
Introduction

● The video focuses on the rise of political parties and the Era of Jefferson in the early American
republic.

Causes and Effects of Policy Debates

● Political parties, such as the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans, emerged and fiercely
opposed each other.
● Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, supported a strong central government and
manufacturing.
● Democratic-Republicans, led by Thomas Jefferson, advocated for a limited federal government
and agrarianism (self-sustaining farmers).
● The election of 1800, won by Jefferson, marked a peaceful transfer of power between rival
parties, known as the "Revolution of 1800."

Policy Debates Over Federal Government's Powers

● Jefferson's administration worked to limit federal government power.

● The whiskey tax was abolished under Jefferson's leadership.
● Jefferson reduced the military and federal jobs.
● The Louisiana Purchase (1803) contradicted Jefferson's strict constructionist principles but
doubled the size of the United States.
● The Corps of Discovery, led by Lewis and Clark, explored the Louisiana Territory, contributing to
scientific knowledge and diplomatic relationships.
● John Marshall, as Chief Justice, expanded federal power through judicial review in Marbury v.
Madison (1803) and McCulloch v. Maryland (1819).

Policy Battles with European Powers

● The U.S. paid tribute to the Barbary States for protection of American merchant ships.
● Jefferson refused to pay increased tribute, leading to attacks by Barbary Pirates.
● The U.S. Navy was sent to retaliate, and a reduced tribute payment was negotiated.
● The War of 1812 was caused by British impressment of American citizens and conflicts on the
frontier.
● War hawks in Congress, mostly Democratic-Republicans, advocated for war with Britain.
● The Federalists, especially in New England, opposed the war and even discussed secession.
● The war ended with no clear winner but boosted American nationalism and contributed to the
decline of the Federalist Party.

Conclusion

● The video covered key policy debates and conflicts during the Era of Jefferson, including federal
government powers, relations with European powers, and the War of 1812.
● The War of 1812 contributed to the decline of the Federalist Party.
● Viewers were encouraged to subscribe for more help in their studies.
4.3
Video Introduction

● This video is part of Unit 4 of the AP U.S. History curriculum, focusing on politics and regional
interests.
● The main objective is to explain how different regional interests affected debates about the role of
the federal government in the early republic.

War of 1812 and Rising Nationalism

● The War of 1812 displayed competing regional interests.

● Federalists opposed the war, and New England Federalists even threatened secession.
● America's victory in the war led to a surge in nationalism.
● Weaknesses revealed during the war included the absence of a National Bank for credit and
deficient infrastructure and transportation systems.
● Henry Clay proposed the American System, which aimed to improve infrastructure, implement
tariffs to protect manufacturers, and establish the Second Bank of the United States.

Regional Tensions and Westward Expansion

● Westward expansion intensified, driven by population growth, improved roads, and the availability
of cheap federal land.
● Settlers moved westward in large numbers.
● Regional tensions also grew due to the question of slavery during Missouri's application for
statehood in 1819.
● Missouri's potential admission as a slave state threatened the balance of power in the Senate,
where there were equal numbers of free and slave states.
● The Tallmadge Amendment proposed banning slavery in Missouri after 25 years, which infuriated
southern senators.
● Henry Clay's Missouri Compromise of 1820 resolved the issue by admitting Missouri as a slave
state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the Senate's balance of power, and establishing the
36° 30' line as the boundary for future slave and free states.

Conclusion

● The video discusses how regional interests influenced early American politics and led to
compromises such as the Missouri Compromise.
● It highlights the challenges the nation faced in maintaining a balance between slave and free
states, which would continue to be a contentious issue in American history.
4.4
Introduction

● This video explores how the U.S. government aimed to gain more territory and establish influence
in the Western Hemisphere during Unit 4 of the AP U.S. History curriculum.

The Treaty of Ghent and Border Settlement

● The War of 1812 ended in 1814 with the Treaty of Ghent, leaving disputes about Canada
unresolved.
● President James Monroe, who took office in 1817, sent John Quincy Adams to negotiate with
Britain.
● Adams negotiated a treaty that established the U.S.-Canada border along the 49th parallel and a
joint U.S.-British occupation of the disputed Oregon Territory for ten years.

Florida and the Adams-Onís Treaty (1819)

● Florida belonged to Spain, which had trouble governing it due to military involvement in South
American colonies.
● Seminole Indians, runaway slaves, and settlers in Florida crossed the border and raided U.S.
territory.
● Monroe sent General Andrew Jackson in 1817 to address this issue while avoiding war with
Spain.
● Jackson attacked two Spanish forts, executed Seminole chiefs, and two British citizens.
● This led to tensions with Britain and Spain, but both chose to avoid war.
● Spain decided to sell Florida to the U.S., and the Adams-Onís Treaty (1819) officially defined the
border between U.S. and Spanish territories in the West.

The Monroe Doctrine (1823)

● By 1822, several Latin American countries, including Columbia, Mexico, Chile, Peru, and
Argentina, gained independence from European colonial powers.
● President Monroe recognized their independence and established diplomatic relations with them.
● In 1823, Monroe articulated the Monroe Doctrine, asserting that the Western Hemisphere was
under U.S. influence.
● The doctrine warned European powers against interfering in the Americas, effectively challenging
their authority in the region.

Trade and the Market Revolution

● The expansion of territory and influence was also motivated by trade.

● The late 1820s saw a thriving trade relationship between the U.S. and Mexico, particularly
benefiting New England manufacturers.
● U.S. merchant ships engaged in trade across the Pacific, including Chinese porcelains and silks.
● The increased demand for U.S. goods led to a manufacturing revolution, which later became
known as the Market Revolution.
4.5
Definition of the Market Revolution

● The Market Revolution refers to the linking of northern industries with western and southern farms
through advances in agriculture, industry, and transportation.
● This transition marked a shift from an agrarian society to a capitalist society in the United States.

Innovations in Transportation

● The construction of the National Road, also known as the Cumberland Road, began, connecting
Maryland to Illinois over a thousand miles.
● Canals, including the Erie Canal in New York (completed in 1825), facilitated trade between
western farms and eastern manufacturing centers.
● Steamboats revolutionized transportation, allowing goods to be transported efficiently both
downstream and upstream.
● Railroads emerged as a significant innovation, replacing canals and connecting regions for trade.

Innovations in Industrial Technology

● Patent laws protected inventors' rights, leading to technological innovations.

● Eli Whitney's development of interchangeable parts revolutionized industries and allowed for
mass production.
● The factory system emerged in the 1820s, enabling mass production of goods by unskilled
laborers.

Agricultural Changes

● Eli Whitney's cotton gin sped up the separation of cotton seeds from cotton fibers, transforming
southern agriculture.
● Commercial farming, focused on cash crops like cotton and tobacco for trade rather than
subsistence, replaced subsistence farming.
● The demand for southern cotton, especially from British textile factories, linked American farms to
international industry.

Overall Impact

● The Market Revolution interconnected different regions of America economically and increased
ties to international markets, marking a shift towards a capitalist economy.
4.6
Definition of the Market Revolution:

● The Market Revolution is defined as the linking of northern industries with western and southern
farms due to advances in agriculture, industry, and transportation.

Impact on Migration:

● In the northern part of the country, industrial cities expanded in size and diversity.
● European immigrants, especially Irish and German immigrants, played a significant role in this
growth.
● Irish immigrants were driven by the Irish Potato Famine, while Germans sought opportunities due
to crop failures and disillusionment with democratic revolutions in 1848.
● Immigration increased significantly, with 150,000 immigrants in the 1820s, 600,000 in the 1830s,
and 1.7 million in the 1840s.
● Immigrants settled on the eastern seaboard and contributed to the labor force in the industrial
sector, leading to its expansion.
● They also established cultural institutions such as synagogues and churches.

Nativism:

● Nativists emerged in the 1830s and 1840s, promoting stereotypes against Catholics and Jews.
● Jews were depicted as moneylenders, while Catholics were accused of undermining American
culture.

Emergence of the Middle Class:

● The Market Revolution led to the emergence of the middle class, including businessmen,
shopkeepers, journalists, doctors, and lawyers.
● Education, temperance, and religious affiliation, particularly Protestantism, were important to the
middle class.
● Leisure activities such as attending plays, circuses, and sporting events became popular among
the middle class.

Cult of Domesticity:

● The cult of domesticity emerged as an idea that defined a woman's identity and purpose as
centered around raising children and maintaining a home for her husband.
● It emphasized the separation of public and private spheres and was prevalent in the middle class.

Women in Factories:

● Women who worked in factories often faced grueling conditions, including long work hours and
low wages.
● The Lowell Factory in Massachusetts exemplified this situation, with closely supervised female
workers.

Conclusion:
● The Market Revolution had a profound impact on American society and culture during the first
half of the 19th century.
● It led to significant changes in migration patterns, the emergence of the middle class, the
promotion of the cult of domesticity, and the challenges faced by women in factories.
4.7
Causes of Democratic Expansion

● The Panic of 1819 (1819):

● The Second Bank of the United States tightened lending policies to control inflation.
● This led to many state banks closing, causing economic turmoil, unemployment, and
bankruptcies.
● Laboring men, especially in the West, demanded the right to vote to hold politicians
accountable.
● Property ownership was a prerequisite for voting.

Growth in Political Parties

● The Democratic-Republican Party, the only national party, began to fragment into factions due to
events like the Panic of 1819.
● Two rival factions within the Democratic-Republican Party:
● Democrats: Supported expansive federal power and loose constructionism.
● National Republicans: Advocated for limited federal power and strict constructionism.

Election of 1824

● In the election of 1824, four Democratic-Republican candidates ran: John Quincy Adams, Henry
Clay, William Crawford, and Andrew Jackson.
● Jackson won the most popular votes but didn't secure a majority in the electoral college.
● The House of Representatives had to choose the president, and Henry Clay, who came in fourth,
supported Adams, helping him win.
● Jackson and his supporters labeled this the "corrupt bargain" despite no evidence of wrongdoing.

Formation of Political Parties

● By the election of 1828, the Democratic-Republican factions had evolved into formal political
parties: the Democrats and the National Republicans.
4.8
Development of Political Parties

● With the Federalist Party declining, the Democratic-Republicans split into two rival factions: the
National Republicans and the Democrats.
● By the 1820s to 1830s, these factions solidified into political parties, with the Democrats led by
Andrew Jackson.

Democratic Party (Jacksonian Democrats)

● Andrew Jackson's Democrats were influenced by Thomas Jefferson's Democratic-Republican

values.
● They emphasized limited federal government power, free trade, and local rule.
● They opposed corporate monopolies, high tariffs, and the national bank.

Whig Party

● Led by Henry Clay, the Whigs had similarities to the Federalist Party, including support for a
stronger central government.
● They advocated policies like a national bank, protective tariffs, and federally funded internal
improvements.
● They also expressed concerns about crimes committed by immigrants.

Debate over Federal Power

● The primary contention between these parties revolved around federal power, particularly in the
areas of tariffs, the national bank, and internal improvements.
● The Tariff of 1828, known as the "Tariff of Abominations," raised import duties and had significant
economic consequences, especially in the South.
● John C. Calhoun developed the doctrine of nullification, asserting that states could nullify
unconstitutional federal laws.
● Jackson responded with the Force Bill, which authorized military action against South Carolina.
● The Second Bank of the United States, established in 1816, became a point of contention in the
1830s. Jackson vetoed a recharter bill, considering the bank unconstitutional.
● Internal improvements, authorized by Henry Clay's American System, divided the parties, with
Whigs favoring them and Jacksonians opposing them.

Indian Removal

● The policy of Indian Removal became a defining issue during Jackson's presidency.
● The Indian Removal Act of 1830 mandated the relocation of Native American tribes west of the
Mississippi River, particularly the Cherokee in Georgia.
● The Cherokee challenged their removal in Worcester v. Georgia, where the Supreme Court sided
with them.
● The Treaty of New Echota was signed in 1835, exchanging Cherokee lands in the East for
reservation territory in the West.
● The Trail of Tears refers to the forced removal of tribes, resulting in immense suffering and death.
 ● Some Cherokee resisted or went into hiding, leading to the formation of the Eastern Band of the
Cherokee Indians.

Conclusion

● Andrew Jackson's presidency was marked by debates over federal power, including issues like
tariffs, the national bank, internal improvements, and Indian removal.
● His strong stance against nullification and his actions in enforcing federal authority shaped his
legacy.
● The Whig Party emerged as a political force opposed to Jackson's policies, setting the stage for
future political battles in the United States.
4.9
Architecture:

● American architecture transitioned from the British Georgian style to a Greek and Roman revival,
influenced by democratic ideals.
● Notable examples include the architecture of Washington D.C., especially the Capitol Building,
characterized by arches and a towering dome.

Literature:

● In the early 1800s, American authors began to shift away from British influences.
● Sir Walter Scott's novels were initially popular in America but were gradually replaced by
American authors with a distinctly American sensibility.
● James Fenimore Cooper's "Last of the Mohicans" romanticized the American frontier, while
Washington Irving's stories like "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" created a
world of American fantasy.

Language and Education:

● Noah Webster published the "American Dictionary of the English Language" in 1828, which
helped standardize American English spelling and pronunciation.
● While not literature, it played a significant role in shaping American culture.

Art - The Hudson River School:

● The Hudson River School of artists painted dramatic landscapes of the American continent.
● They depicted pristine landscapes but often included hints of encroaching civilization.
● These paintings emphasized sentiment and emotion over strict accuracy.

Philosophy - Transcendentalism:

● Transcendentalism emerged as a philosophical movement rooted in Romanticism and the belief

in the transcendent power of nature.
● Ralph Waldo Emerson emphasized individualism and self-reliance in his writings.
● Henry David Thoreau lived in a cabin in the woods to test his beliefs about human perfection and
self-reliance, which he documented in "Walden."

Utopian Communities:

● Many Americans sought to create utopian communities during this era.

● Examples include the Shakers, a Christian group in Kentucky who practiced communal living but
did not favor traditional marriages.
● The Oneida Community aimed for social and property equality, including communal parenting,
and also manufactured silverware.

Conclusion:
● Americans actively worked to form their own culture that reflected their values and sense of
individuality during this period.
● This cultural transformation was characterized by a shift from Enlightenment thinking to
Romanticism, influencing literature, architecture, art, philosophy, language, and the establishment
of utopian communities.
4.10
The Second Great Awakening (Definition)

● The Second Great Awakening was a series of religious revivals among Protestant Christians in
the early 19th century.
● It emphasized righteous living, personal restraint, and moral rectitude as the path to salvation.
● Camp meetings organized by Methodists and Baptists played a pivotal role in spreading this
revival across America.

Causes of the Second Great Awakening

1. Market Revolution (Early 19th Century)

● The Market Revolution, marked by economic changes, encouraged individualism and
personal responsibility for success or failure.
● The Second Great Awakening echoed these sentiments, preaching that salvation
depended on personal actions and moral choices.
2. Rising Democratic and Individualistic Beliefs
● During this period, there was a growing desire for expanded participation in the
democratic process, especially among the lower classes.
● This desire extended to spiritual matters, as the Second Great Awakening engaged and
influenced individuals from various social backgrounds, including whites, blacks,
enslaved, free, men, and women.
3. Rejection of Rationalism in Favor of Romanticism
● Romanticism, characterized by emotional expression and intuition, gained popularity over
rationalism.
● Preachers like Charles Grandison Finney introduced a more emotional and
audience-centered style of preaching.
● Finney's sermons were less philosophical and more focused on moral reformation and
societal change.

Conclusion

● The Second Great Awakening had causes rooted in the changing social, economic, and cultural
landscape of the early 19th century.
● It emphasized individual responsibility for salvation and moral reform, sparking significant social
and religious transformations.
● The movement laid the groundwork for various reform movements and new religious movements
like Mormonism, which will be discussed in the next video.
4.11
1. Religious Reform (1840s):
● Joseph Smith founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormons) in
Palmyra, New York, in the 1840s.
● Smith claimed to receive revelations from God, leading to the Book of Mormon.
● The movement faced challenges, including the practice of polygamy, and ended up
migrating to Utah under Brigham Young's leadership.
2. Temperance (Early 19th Century):
● The temperance movement aimed to reduce alcohol consumption.
● Americans were consuming large quantities of alcohol, with an estimated average of five
gallons of hard liquor per person.
● The American Temperance Society, founded in 1826, advocated abstinence from alcohol
and established chapters nationwide.
● The movement found support among factory owners and politicians, leading to measures
to limit alcohol consumption.
3. Abolitionism (Early 19th Century):
● Abolitionism sought to end slavery, with varying degrees of immediacy in approach.
● William Lloyd Garrison published "The Liberator," advocating for moral persuasion to end
slavery. He founded the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1833.
● Abolitionists believed slavery was sinful and were influenced by the Second Great
Awakening.
● Frederick Douglass, an escaped slave, became a prominent abolitionist, sharing his
experiences in his book "Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass."
● Abolitionism contributed to the intensification of the debate over slavery in the United
States.
4. Women's Rights (1848):
● Women's rights movements emerged alongside abolitionism, as women faced restrictions
on advocating for social reform.
● The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848, led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott,
addressed women's rights.
● The convention produced the "Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions," drawing
parallels with the Declaration of Independence and asserting women's equality.
● Although women's rights would take time to fully materialize, this marked a significant
moment in their fight for equal rights.

These reform movements were driven by cultural and economic shifts during the Market Revolution,
emphasizing individual agency, moral convictions, and societal improvement. They played essential roles
in reshaping American society during the 19th century.
4.12
Dehumanization and Resistance

● Enslaved black population in the South faced dehumanization and misery.

● Despite harsh conditions, enslaved people developed a social identity and culture.
● They retained African names, languages, and cultural practices.
● Enslaved people communicated in African languages among themselves and passed down folk
tales, music, and dance.
● Some continued Islamic practices, while others embraced Christianity with elements of African
culture.
● This cultural resilience challenged the notion that their experience was entirely defined by white
masters.

Slave Rebellions and Resistance

● Slave rebellions were among the greatest fears of slaveholders.

● White plantation owners suppressed unique cultural expressions of enslaved workers.
● In 1831, Nat Turner's Rebellion occurred in Virginia, led by Nat Turner, who believed he had a
divine mission.
● Turner and his followers killed 57 white people before being captured and executed.
● The rebellion led to widespread panic among Virginia planters and increased brutality towards
enslaved workers.
● The mutiny on the Spanish slave ship Amistad in 1839 resulted in Africans being transported for
sale.
● The Africans, led by Joseph Cinqué, rebelled against their captors, leading to a trial that
eventually set them free.
● Southern legislatures passed laws between 1820 and 1840 making it illegal to free slaves,
teaching enslaved people to read and write, and more.
● Some slaveholders justified slavery by dehumanizing enslaved people as akin to farm animals,
but resistance challenged this narrative.

Conclusion

● African Americans in the early republic faced dehumanization but also displayed resilience
through the preservation of culture and various forms of resistance.
● Slave rebellions and resistance movements posed significant challenges to the institution of
slavery.
4.13
Southern White Population

● While the common image of the South includes sprawling cotton plantations with enslaved
laborers, the majority of white Southerners were yeoman farmers, meaning they were
independent farmers who worked their land.
● Although most yeoman farmers believed in slavery, some, especially those on the western
frontier, called for gradual slavery abolition as they saw how the system disadvantaged them.
● As these farmers gained voting rights in the 1830s and 1840s, they sought to influence state
legislatures regarding their concerns.
● The dominance of cotton in the Southern economy hindered changes to the system.

Elite Planters and Slavery

● Elite planters faced challenges as global movements towards slavery abolition gained
momentum, such as Britain's emancipation of all slaves in 1834.
● The Three-Fifths Compromise in the U.S. Constitution gave states with large enslaved
populations disproportionate political influence.
● Planters consolidated their power by providing loans, hiring poor whites for work, and assisting in
transporting yeoman farmers' crops to market.
● These actions made white society dependent on the planter elite.

White Supremacy

● In the 1830s, white planters worked to unite the white population, regardless of class, around the
idea of white supremacy.
● Thomas Dew and others argued for the positive aspects of slavery, emphasizing the superiority of
the white race.
● This contrasted with the founders of America, like George Washington and Thomas Jefferson,
who had moral reservations about slavery but were economically tied to it.

John C. Calhoun's Ideology

● John C. Calhoun, Vice President of the United States from South Carolina, justified slavery on
economic and moral grounds.
● He believed that the mastery of the white race over the black race was essential for Southern
society's stability and freedom.

Conclusion

● The Southern culture during this period was shaped by the dominance of the planter elite, the
economic importance of cotton, and the ideology of white supremacy.
● The institution of slavery remained deeply entrenched in Southern society.
The timeline:
1800 - Jefferson’s Election

1803 - Louisiana Purchase

1812 - 1815 - War of 1812

1814 - Battle of New Orleans

1816 - 1824 - Era of Good Feelings

1820 - Missouri Compromise

1823 - Monroe Doctrine

1820s - Sectionalism

1828 - Jackson’s Election

1830 - Indian Removal Act

1832 - Nat Turner’s Rebellion

1830 -1850 - Manifest Destiny

1836 - Battle of the Alamo

Important Vocabulary:

1. Star-Spangled Banner" 32. Marbury v. Madison

2. abolition 33. market revolution
3. American System 34. McCulloch v. Maryland
4. Andrew Jackson 35. Mexican-American War
5. Barbary pirates 36. Missouri Compromise (1820)
6. Battle of New Orleans 37. Monroe Doctrine
7. Charles Finney 38. Mormons
8. Cult of domesticity 39. Napoleon Bonaparte
9. Dorothea Dix 40. nativism
10. Eli Whitney 41. Nat Turner
11. Embargo Act 42. Nullification Crisis
12. The era of Good Feelings 43. Samuel Slater
13. Erie Canal 44. Second Bank of the US
14. factory system 45. Second Great Awakening
15. Frederick Douglas 46. sectionalism
16. Free African Society 47. Seminole Wars
17. Gibbons v. Ogden 48. Seneca Falls Convention
18. Grimke sisters 49. specialization
19. Hartford Convention 50. Spoils System
20. Henry Clay 51. Susan B. Anthony
21. Hudson River School 52. Tecumseh
22. Indian Removal Act 53. Toussaint l'Ouverture
23. industrialization 54. Trail of Tears
24. John C. Calhoun 55. transcendentalism
25. John Marshall 56. Treaty of Ghent
26. judicial review 57. War Hawks
27. King Cotton 58. War of 1812
28. labor unions 59. Whigs
29. Lewis & Clark Expedition 60. William Henry Harrison
30. Louisiana Purchase
31. Lowell system
Major Ideas

● America’s economy begins to expand westward through transportation improvements based

on improved technology such as the steam engine and canals.

➗
● Regional economies begin to develop creating sectionalism between the agricultural South
and the industrial North. Sectionalism intensifies over the issue of tariffs which tended to
support the North at the South’s expense.
● Politically, the office of the president expands its power under President Jefferson with the
Louisiana Purchase and the Barbary Wars. Under President Jackson, executive power is
challenged by the emerging Whig Party.
● The movement westward continues to drive native societies further west as illustrated by the
Trail of Tears. In addition, new territories provide the opportunity for religious groups such as
the Mormons to create western settlements.
● The reform movements stimulated by the Second Great Awakening calls for women’s
rights, abolitionism, temperance, labor reform, education reform, and prison reform. All
reforms demonstrate a growing desire for expansive participatory opportunities.

7 Themes
PERIOD 5
Unit Essential Questions:
1. What were the motives and consequences of westward expansion?
2. What were the causes and consequences of the Civil War?
3. How did the US government react to post-Civil War pressures from Northerners and
Southerners?

Practice Prompts (links) → LEQ & DBQ:

2017 - SAQ 3: Reconstruction

2016 - LEQ 2: 14th and 15th amendments

2014 - LEQ 3: Achievements of Reconstruction

2010 - LEQ 3: Slavery in Western territories

2009 - DBQ: Responses to slavery

2006 - LEQ 3: Political effects of Civil War

Article and Video links for additional info:

APUSH Unit 5 Overview: Toward the Civil War & Reconstruction (1848-1877) | Fiveable

Period 5: 1844-1877: Unit test | Khan Academy

2021 Live Review 4 | AP U.S. History | Period 5 (1844 – 1877)

APUSH Period 5: 1844–1877 Speed Runs Playlist

US History Review with Memes 1844-1877 (APUSH Period 5)

APUSH (AP US History) Unit 5 Overview (1844-1877)

APUSH Unit 5 (Civil War and Reconstruction)

Reconstruction & Big Picture of Period 5

5.2
Manifest Destiny (July 1845)

● John O'Sullivan coins the term "Manifest Destiny."

● Manifest Destiny: Americans have a God-given right to expand from the Atlantic to the Pacific
Oceans.

Reasons for Westward Expansion

● Need for mineral and natural resources.

● California Gold Rush in 1848.
● Economic and homesteading opportunities through the Preemption Acts.
● Religious refuge, exemplified by the Mormons in Utah.

James K. Polk's Election (1844)

● Polk's belief in Manifest Destiny.

● Desire to annex Texas and Oregon.

Texas Annexation

● Early American settlers in Texas.

● Conflict with Mexican government over religion and slavery.
● Texas declares independence in 1836.
● Battle of San Jacinto.
● Texas claims independence but faces recognition issues.

Oregon Territory

● Competing claims between the British and Americans.

● American settlers and missionaries in the territory.
● Polk's election with the annexation agenda.
● Agreement with the British, dividing Oregon at the 49th parallel.
5.3
Causes of the Mexican-American War

● In 1836, Texas declared independence from Mexico.

● Texas wanted annexation by the United States.
● Presidents Jackson, Van Buren, Harrison, and Tyler initially opposed annexation.
● James K. Polk's election in 1845 led to the annexation of Texas.
● President Polk sent diplomat John Slidell to negotiate further land acquisition and border
settlement with Mexico.
● Mexico rejected the offers, leading to escalating tensions.
● Conflict escalated in 1846 when American troops advanced to the Rio Grande.
● Congress granted Polk's request for war on May 13, 1846.

Course of the Mexican-American War

● American forces made gains in California and New Mexico Territories.

● General Winfield Scott led American troops to capture and occupy Mexico City.
● Mexican government forced into negotiations.

Effects of the Mexican-American War

● Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) established the Rio Grande as Texas' southern border.
● The Mexican Cession resulted in Mexico ceding California and New Mexico to the U.S. for $15
million.
● Gadsden Purchase (1853) added more land to the U.S. from Mexico.
● Mexico lost over half of its territory to the United States.

Wilmot Proviso and Slavery

● David Wilmot proposed the Wilmot Proviso in 1846, suggesting that lands gained from the war
should be free of slavery.
● The proposal was voted down but highlighted growing tensions over slavery.
● Some consider this amendment as the beginning of the path toward the Civil War.

Treatment of Non-American Residents

● Mexican citizens in the acquired territories were granted U.S. citizenship.

● Indigenous people in the region faced civil rights challenges, including voter discrimination and
educational segregation.
5.4
Introduction (1844 - Civil War)

● Discussion of growing tension caused by slavery from 1844 until the Civil War.
● Mention of various proposals to address the slavery issue.
● Focus on the Compromise of 1850.

The Expansion of Slavery (1844 - 1850)

● Tension due to lands acquired during the Mexican-American War.

● Defeat of the Wilmot Proviso in Congress.
● Overview of major positions on the expansion of slavery:
● Southern Position: Argued slavery as a constitutional right and suggested extending the
Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific Ocean.
● Free Soil Movement: Composed of Northern Democrats and Whigs advocating for free
labor in new territories.
● Abolitionists within the Free Soil Movement calling for a complete ban on slavery.
● Mention of the formation of the Free Soil Party by some abolitionists.

Popular Sovereignty (1850)

● Explanation of the popular sovereignty position, where residents in each territory decide the
slavery issue.
● Discussion of the potential benefits and drawbacks for both pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions.
● Acknowledgment that this approach did not lead to a resolution but exacerbated tensions.

Balance in the Senate and California's Admission (1850)

● Importance of maintaining a balance between slave and free states in the Senate.
● California and New Mexico's admission as free states tipping the balance in favor of free states.
● Consequences of this shift for pro-slavery advocates.

The Compromise of 1850 (1850)

● Henry Clay's proposal of the Compromise of 1850.

● Key components of the Compromise:
● Division of Mexican Cession into Utah and New Mexico territories with popular
sovereignty.
● Admission of California as a free state.
● Ban on the slave trade in Washington D.C.
● Strengthening of the Fugitive Slave Law.
● Recognition that the Compromise temporarily eased tensions but the Fugitive Slave Law would
lead to further conflict.
5.5
Immigration and Nativism

● In the years before the Civil War, a significant influx of Irish and German immigrants arrived in the
U.S.
● They settled in cultural enclaves, preserving their customs and languages.
● Irish immigrants often lived in New York City's slums, facing issues like disease and
unemployment.
● German immigrants either settled on the coast or moved west in search of land.
● A strong anti-Catholic nativist movement emerged to oppose these immigrants, aimed at
protecting the interests of native-born, white Americans.
● The Know-Nothing Party was formed as part of this nativist movement, focused on limiting
immigrant cultural and political influence.

Regional Attitudes Toward Slavery

● Differences in labor systems and economies between the North and South.
● The North relied on free wage laborers in manufacturing, while the South's economy was driven
by enslaved labor on plantations.
● Population growth in the North outpaced the South.
● Northerners opposed the expansion of slavery not just for moral but also economic reasons.
● The Free Soil Movement and later the Free Soil Party advocated for keeping newly acquired
territories free from slavery expansion.
● Abolitionists in the North wanted to abolish slavery everywhere and were a minority but influential
group.
● They used various strategies, including speeches, written works like "The Liberator" and "Uncle
Tom's Cabin," and assisting enslaved people through the Underground Railroad.
● John Brown, a radical abolitionist, attempted a raid at Harper's Ferry to spark a slave uprising, but
it failed.
● Southerners saw this as evidence that abolitionists aimed to incite a race war and further divided
the regions.
5.6
Compromise of 1850
The Compromise of 1850 briefly eased tensions over slavery, but it was not a lasting solution.
Westward Expansion and Slavery
The acquisition of new lands in the west continuously reignited the debate over slavery in these territories.
Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 (1854):

● Senator Stephen Douglas proposed dividing the territory into Kansas and Nebraska.
● Popular sovereignty allowed residents to decide on slavery.
● Northern opposition due to the overturning of the Compromise of 1820.
● Led to "Bleeding Kansas" violence between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions.
● Fraudulent voting from pro-slavery Missourians.
● Resulted in two rival state legislatures in Kansas.
● President Franklin Pierce recognized the pro-slavery government.

Bleeding Kansas
The Kansas-Nebraska Act led to violence in Kansas between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions,
resulting in "Bleeding Kansas."
Rival State Legislatures in Kansas
Due to fraudulent voting from pro-slavery Missourians, two rival state legislatures were established in
Kansas, deepening the division.
Dred Scott Decision (1857):

● Dred Scott sued for his freedom after living in free territories.
● Chief Justice Roger Taney ruled against Scott.
● Scott not considered a citizen and had no right to sue.
● Decision effectively allowed slavery in any territory or state.

Political Parties and Division Over Slavery:

● Weakening of the two-party system.

● Whig Party divided into Cotton Whigs and Conscience Whigs.
● Democratic Party strengthened as a pro-slavery party.
● Republican Party formed in 1854, advocating against the spread of slavery.
● Did not advocate for slavery's abolition but opposed its spread into new territories.
● Republicans gained support from various groups.
● Southerners viewed Republicans as a threat.
● Republicans performed well in the 1858 midterm elections, causing concern in the South.

Southern Democrats' Fears

Southern Democrats viewed the Republican Party as a threat to the institution of slavery, especially after
the Republican success in the 1858 midterm elections.
Upcoming 1860 Presidential Election
The 1860 presidential election was seen as pivotal, with Southerners fearing that a Republican victory
would lead to the end of the South's interests.
5.7
Election of 1860

● Key question: Effects of the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860.

● Republican Party's success in midterm elections made Southern Democrats nervous.
● Democratic candidate: Stephen Douglas.
● Republican candidate: Abraham Lincoln, running on a free soil platform.
● The free soil movement aimed to limit the spread of slavery in new territories, not abolish existing
slavery.
● Democratic Party was divided between northern and southern factions.

Democratic Party Divisions

● Northern Democrats led by Douglas supported popular sovereignty to decide slavery.

● Southern Democrats led by John Breckenridge wanted federal protection of slavery in new
territories.
● The rival positions were similar but divided the party.

Election Results

● Lincoln won with 40% of the popular vote.

● Carried the electoral vote.
● Lincoln won without a single electoral vote from the southern states.

Secession

● Southern states felt threatened by the political dominance of the North.

● Lincoln's election signaled the end of slavery's expansion.
● South Carolina seceded in December 1860.
● Within six weeks, six more states followed.
● Confederate States of America formed.
● Confederate Constitution enshrined slavery as a perpetual institution.

Causes of Secession

● Debates over the reasons for secession.

● Some argue it was to protect slavery, while others claim it was about states' rights.
● States' reasons for secession can provide clarity.

Texas's Reason

● Texas argued the election showed the country was controlled by a sectional party promoting
equality regardless of race.
● Accused Republicans of seeking abolition and racial equality.

South Carolina's Reason

● Complex argument focused on the violation of constitutional rights.

● Highlighted Northern sympathies with anti-slavery principles.
Mississippi's Reason

● Clearly identified its position with the institution of slavery.

Conclusion

● Despite complications, the states' own words show the primary reason for secession was the
protection of slavery.
● Mentioned the viewpoints of Confederate President Jefferson Davis and Vice President
Alexander Stephens.
● Secession set the stage for the American Civil War.
5.8
Introduction: Union Victory Not Guaranteed

● The central question: What factors led to the Union's victory in the Civil War?
● Acknowledgment of the Union's eventual victory.
● Comparison of advantages for both the North and the South.
● Highlighted advantages for the North: Population, naval power, economic strength, and central
government.

Advantages of Both Sides

● The South had the advantage of fighting a defensive war and had experienced military leaders
like Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson.
● The North had a population advantage, control of a robust navy, economic superiority, and a
well-established central government.
● Victory for either side would be costly in terms of money and blood.

Economic Mobilization

● Both the Union and Confederacy had to mobilize their economies.

● Northern manufacturers rapidly modernized for war production.
● Future industrial leaders like Carnegie and Rockefeller emerged.
● The South relied on tariffs and export taxes, which faltered due to Union naval blockades.

Opposition on the Homefront

● Opposition to the war on both sides.

● Confederacy's attempt to fund the war with a war tax faced resistance due to states' rights.
● In the North, the New York City Draft Riots in 1863 demonstrated opposition to the war.

Course of the War

● Overview of the course of the war.

● Mention of Lincoln's election in 1860 and initial reluctance to start a war.
● The firing on Fort Sumter as the first official salvo of the war.
● Early Confederate successes and the First Battle of Bull Run.
● Disabusing the notion of a short and tidy war.

Overall Strategy

● Main Union strategy: The Anaconda Plan, focusing on naval blockade and control of the
Mississippi River.
● Confederate strategy relied on foreign help, particularly from Britain and France, due to cotton
exports.
● British and French cotton interests waned due to alternative sources.

Factors Leading to Union Victory

● Union leadership improved with generals like Ulysses S. Grant.
● Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, a strategic move, changed the scope of the war.
● Mention of key battles and Battle of Vicksburg as an example.
● Devastation of Southern infrastructure, including Sherman's March to the Sea.
● Success of the Union naval blockade.
● Surrender of General Lee to General Grant at Appomattox Courthouse in 1865, marking the end
of the war.
5.9
Introduction Question
The main question addressed is how Lincoln's leadership impacted American ideals throughout the war.
Emancipation Proclamation: Military Tactic

● Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed some enslaved people in the
Confederate states.
● This proclamation did not end slavery in the border states that remained in the Union.
● The Emancipation Proclamation had two strategic effects:
● It discouraged European diplomatic support for the South.
● It led many enslaved people to escape to Union camps and even join the Union forces.

Gettysburg Address: Reimagining the War's Purpose

● Abraham Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address on November 19, 1863, at the dedication of
the Gettysburg cemetery.
● The main speaker was Edward Everett, but Lincoln's brief address reframed the purpose of the
Civil War.
● Lincoln portrayed the struggle against slavery as the fulfillment of America's founding democratic
ideals.
● Lincoln sought to unify the nation

Text of the Gettysburg Address

● The Gettysburg Address begins with "Four score and seven years ago" and emphasizes the
nation's dedication to the proposition that all men are created equal.
● Lincoln speaks about the ongoing civil war testing the endurance of such a nation.
● He acknowledges the significance of dedicating a portion of the battlefield as a resting place for
fallen soldiers.
● Lincoln states that the dead have consecrated the ground, and it's the living's duty to continue the
work toward freedom and government of, by, and for the people.
5.10
1865-1877: The period of Reconstruction in the United States.
Setting the Stage (1865)

● After the Civil War, a crucial question arose: Should the Confederacy be treated with leniency or
as a conquered foe?
● Abraham Lincoln advocated leniency and introduced the Ten-Percent Plan.
● Under the Ten-Percent Plan, a Southern state could reestablish its government if 10% of the 1860
electorate pledged loyalty to the Union and ratified the Thirteenth Amendment.

Andrew Johnson's Presidency

● Andrew Johnson became president after Lincoln's assassination but lacked Lincoln's
magnanimity.
● He allowed the former slave-owning class to regain power and supported the enactment of Black
Codes that restricted the freedom of black people and forced them to work for low wages.

Radical Republicans

● The Radical Republicans in Congress opposed Johnson's leniency and wanted Reconstruction to
be led by Congress.
● They passed the Freedman’s Bureau extension and the Civil Rights Act of 1866, protecting
citizenship and equal rights for black people.
● Johnson vetoed both bills, but Congress overrode his vetoes.

Fourteenth Amendment

● To solidify the rights of black citizens, Republicans proposed the Fourteenth Amendment,
granting citizenship and equal protection under the law to all persons born or naturalized in the
United States.

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

● These acts divided the South into five districts and placed them under military occupation to
enforce the laws.
● States had to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment and provide universal male voting rights, including
both white and black men.

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

● Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act, making it illegal for the president to fire a cabinet
member without congressional approval.
● Johnson's defiance led to his impeachment, but he remained in office by one vote, rendering him
powerless in directing Reconstruction policies.

Women's Rights Movement during Reconstruction

● The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments were passed during Reconstruction.
● Women's rights advocates like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony were disappointed
that the 15th Amendment did not recognize women's right to vote.
● The movement split into two groups: the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) and the
American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA).
● NWSA continued to fight for women's suffrage, while AWSA supported Reconstruction efforts
federally and worked for women's suffrage on the state level.
5.11
Introduction

● Failure of post-Civil War Reconstruction.

● Two key historical realities will be explored:
● The persistence of Southern society and economics after the Civil War.
● The reasons for the official end of Reconstruction.

Southern Society After the Civil War (1865-1877)

● The black population in the South faced the challenge of adjusting to their newfound freedom
after emancipation.
● Black communities established schools and colleges, and some black men were elected to
representative offices.
● Congress established the Freedmen's Bureau to assist newly emancipated families with
education and social welfare.

Continuity of Pre-Civil War Conditions:

1. System of Sharecropping (1865-1877)

● Replaced slavery, as the South still needed agricultural labor.
● Black workers signed contracts binding them to plantations, akin to a form of coerced
labor.
● Later evolved into sharecropping, where landowners provided supplies in exchange for a
share of the harvest.
● In practice, sharecropping resembled another form of coerced servitude.
2. White Supremacy (1865-1877)
● Belief in white supremacy persisted in Southern society.
● The Ku Klux Klan, founded in 1867, terrorized black people through violence and
intimidation.
● Efforts to codify white supremacy into law led to the adoption of Black Codes by Southern
legislatures.
● Black Codes restricted black Americans in various ways, including land ownership, legal
testimony, and racial segregation.

End of Reconstruction (1877)

● Reconstruction officially ended in 1877 due to a hotly contested presidential election, the election
of 1876.
● Samuel Tilden won the majority of the popular vote, but neither Tilden nor Rutherford B. Hayes
gained enough electoral votes to claim victory.
● The issue was mainly confined to three states: South Carolina, Louisiana, and Florida.
● A special electoral commission with a Republican majority declared these states for Hayes.
● To resolve the dispute, the Compromise of 1877 was reached.
● Democrats agreed to concede the election to Hayes on the condition that all federal troops were
removed from the South.
● As federal troops left, Democrats regained control, leading to an even bleaker reality for the
southern black population without protection.
Timeline
1848: Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

1850: Compromise of 1850

1852: Uncle Tom's Cabin

1854: Kansas-Nebraska Act

1856: Bleeding Kansas

1857: Dred Scott Case

1858: Lincoln-Douglas Debates

1859: John Brown's Raid

1860: Lincoln's Election

1861: Beginning of the Civil War

1862: Battle of Antietam

1863: Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg, Vicksburg

1864: Second Inaugural Address

1865: War ends, Lincoln's Assassination

1867: Military Reconstruction

1868: Grant's Election

1877: Compromise of 1877 and Reconstruction ends

Important Vocabulary

1. 13th Amendment 28. Harpers Ferry Raid

2. 14th Amendment 29. Harriet Beecher Stowe
3. 15th Amendment 30. Homestead Act
4. Abraham Lincoln 31. Jefferson Davis
5. Anaconda Plan 32. Kansas-Nebraska Act
6. Antietam 33. Ku Klux Klan
7. Appomattox Court House 34. Know Nothing Party
8. Black Codes 35. Little Big Horn
9. Bleeding Kansas 36. MA 54th Regiment
10. border states 37. Manifest Destiny
11. Bull Run 38. Matthew Perry
12. carpetbagger 39. Minstrel Shows
13. Civil Rights Act of 1866 40. missionary
14. Compromise of 1850 41. Morrill Land Grant
15. Compromise of 1877 42. Morrill Tariff
16. Confederacy 43. popular sovereignty
17. Crittenden Compromise 44. Radical Republicans
18. Dred Scott v. Sandford 45. Reconstruction
19. Emancipation Proclamation 46. Sand Creek Massacre
20. Freedmen's Bureau 47. scalawag
21. Free Soil Party 48. secession
22. Fugitive Slave Law 49. sharecropper
23. Gadsden Purchase 50. Sherman's March
24. Gettysburg Address 51. Stonewall Jackson
25. Gold Rush 52. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
26. Greenback 53. Underground Railroad
27. Habeas corpus 54. Wilmot Proviso
Major Ideas
● Expansion goes in tandem with foreign diplomacy, leads to debates over slavery, and
provides opportunities for immigration and jobs.
● The reform movements stimulated by the Second Great Awakening spur the resistance to
the spread of slavery following the Mexican American War.
● Ideological debates over the existence and expansion of slavery dominate politics, religion,
and literature creating Sectionalism.
● Political compromises fail to prevent the Civil War.
● The Union victory settles the issue of slavery; however, during Reconstruction, questions
concerning the power of the federal government and the rights of citizens become highly
contested.
● Politically, the President's Office expands its power under President Lincoln to suspend civil
liberties during the war. During Grant's administration, political corruption runs rampant with
scandals and bribery.
● Technological advancements and medicinal improvements develop as a result of the Civil
War.

7 Themes