LECTURE 6 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT and 7 PRODUCTIVITY

CHAPTER 6: RESOURCES
MANAGEMENT
Resource Management...
What a resource?
• Any thing that is used by an activity to get the work done, such as:
Material, Equipment, Labor, Money, …..
Resources can be classified as:
• According to the consumption; Consumable and Non Consumable
• According to their Importance; Key resources, Secondary resources
and General resources
Definition:
Resource Management
• Is the planning and management of important resources (such as;
people, machines and money) in a construction project.
• if these resources are available in abundance then the project could be
accelerated to achieve shorter project duration.
• On the other hand, if these resources are severely limited, then the
result more likely will be a delay in the project completion time.
• In general, from a scheduling perspective, projects can be classified as
either time constrained or resource constrained.
Resource Leveling/Smoothing
• is the process of scheduling of materials so as to improving resource
utilization in time constrained projects.
• It is done when there is a need to reduce the hiring and firing of
resources and to smooth the fluctuation in the daily demand of a
resource
• . In this, resources are not limited and project duration is not allowed
to be delayed.
Resource Leveling...
Resource Allocation/Loading
• is concerned with assigning the required number of resources identified for
each activity in the plan.
• In this more than one type of resource may be assigned be assigned to a
specific activity.
• For example, fixing steel plates on a bridge deck may require different types
of resources such as: welders, laborers and a certain type of welding
machine.
Resource Aggregation
• After each activity has been assigned its resources, the next step is to
aggregate the resources used by all activities.
• It is the summation, on a period-by-period basis, of the resources
required to complete all activities based on the schedule carried out in
resource allocation.
• The results are usually shown graphically as a histogram
• A separate graph will be required for each resource
Resource Aggregation ...
• When a bar chart is used, the resource aggregation is fairly simple and
straightforward.
• For a given bar chart, a resource aggregation chart can be drawn underneath the
bar chart. However, a separate graph will be required for each resource type.
Resource Levelling/Smoothing
• Resource fluctuation appears after the initial scheduling of the project without
considering the resources. The peaks and valleys in the resource profile indicate
high day-to-day variation in the resource demand.
• Resource smoothing is the process that attempts to determine a resource
requirement that is "smooth" and where peaks and valleys are eliminated.
• It gives an average resource usage
• For example, even if 7 units of a given resource are available at any one time,
utilizing 5 of these units each week is preferable than using 4 units for the first
week, 7 the next, 2 the next and so on.
• Even if there is no limit to the amount of any one resource available, it is still
desirable that resource usage is as smooth as possible.
End of Chapter 6
•QUESTIONS???
CHAPTER 7: PRODUCTIVITY
PRODUCTIVITY
• Productivity is defined as: The proportion obtained by dividing output
by one of the factors of production input. Or it the ratio of total output
produced to the input of one element of production
• Total productivity is the ratio of total output produced to the total
inputs used
• It is not necessary that the greater the production, the greater the
productivity
Total Productivity
• Total productivity is “the ratio of the total output produced to the total
inputs used”
Partial Productivity
• Partial productivity is the ratio of the total output produced to the input
of one element of production
Factors Affecting Productivity
Industry related factors
• Government
• Research and development
• Weather
• Building code and specification
Factors Affecting Productivity...
Project related factors
• Project design
• Design changes
• Method of construction
• Type of contract
• Location
• Type of project
• Work type
Labor related factors
• Supply and demand
• Unions rules
• Crew composition
• Crew size
• Skills
• Capabilities
• Motive
Management related factors
Planning and scheduling:
• Lack of project planning and scheduling is one of the important
reasons of low construction productivity.
• Planning a project can reduce production costs by increasing
productivity of craftsman and optimizing utilization of available
resources.
Management related factors...
Control:
• Problems arise every day that could not have been foreseen.
• Material delivery delays, Labor disputes and Job accidents can disrupt
the original plans.
• Without time control, rescheduling could not be accomplished and so
productivity will suffer due to lack of coordination and
communication and resource shortage.
Project organization:
• The main task of any organization is to plan, direct and control
• Poor organization results in poor productivity
• Defining individual positions of authority and responsibility will lead
to an effective operating environment and good productivity.
Supervision:
• Although unnecessary supervision will increase the cost of work,
insufficient supervision will result in confusion delays and decrease
productivity.
• The labor productivity is increased by increasing the number of man
hours per day that the field supervisor spent in contact with the crew.
Materials and tools availability:
• Unavailability of material and tools has a significant adverse impact
on the productivity of labor.
• Material unavailability causes a loss between 6.4 and 8.4 % of total
time.
• When material management programs are applied in any project, a
minimum 6% improvement in labor productivity achieved.
Rework and Delays:
• Re-work maintained a position as one of three worst problems leading to
poor productivity.
• The amount of times spent on rework is between 4.9 – 7.7% of total time.
• Causes of rework are mainly due to engineering and management
inefficiencies.
• Craftsmen spent an average of 14.3% of their time redoing work.
Lack of motivation of workers:
• The greater the worker motivation, the greater labor expenditure of
effort.
• Lack of material, frequent change orders, conflict of crews because of
improper scheduling, lack of equipment, etc. frustrate the worker and
produce low productivity.
Site layout:
• Site layout is a very important organization task.
• The assigned location of different job components affects productivity,
safety, workers satisfaction, and communication.
• Approximately, 7% of a day is nonproductive because of a non proper
site layout.
Improving Productivity
• Adopt new Technology

• Improve Planning and controlling
• Improve Construction Productivity Training (more on the job site)
• Increase Use of Prefabrication
• Adopt one piece, i.e. one task at a time and integrate them together when
deploying a team work
• Improve Safety Training and
• Communicate Better
END OF LECTURE....

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CHAPTER 6: RESOURCES

• Adopt new Technology

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