EMI

Zinare Mamo Haile

Gebale Management & Business consultant
zinare.mamo@gmail.com
09-11-74-02-06
EMI

 Norm Setting /Training Agreement

 Expectations
 Time management
 Daily Reporters
 Energizing team
 Class room Manager

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EMI
Knowing each other

 Introduce Yourself
- Name
- Educational background
- Work experience
- What I like most
- What I hate most

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 Consultant
EMI
Educational background
Doctorate of Business Leadership Student ( DBL)
Masters of Business Administration(MBA)
B.COM(Business Administration & Management)
Minor in community Development
Post Graduate Diploma in Finance
Diploma in Educational Administration
Certificate in teaching
Certified Management consultant
Associate Consultant of EMI

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EMI
Work Experience
 Project coordinator & Administrator in
NGOs & Faith based organization.
 Financial specialist & Financial Analyst in
WB, AfDB & UNICEF Projects.
 Finance Department Head
 Human Resource Manager
 Vice president Faith based orgs.
 Head Master & teacher
 ---etc.
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EMI Reflection
Form a group of five members and discuss on the
following terms.

1.What you mean cross cutting issues?

2.Concept of Mainstreaming

3.What do we mean by gender mainstreaming in a

project?

4.What is the difference between sex and gender?

5. What is the impact of HIV/AIDS on development?

6.What is HIV/AIDS mainstreaming in a project?

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EMI

Cross cutting issues in

Project planning and
Management

65
EMI
Content
1. Learning objectives
2. Mainstreaming Gender in Development Projects
3. Why Gender Mainstreaming?
4. How Gender Mainstreaming is Carried?
5. Means of Verification for Gender Mainstreaming
6. Project cycle and Gender Mainstreaming
7. Mainstreaming HIV/AIDS in Development Projects
8. Concept of Mainstreaming HIV/AIDS in Development Projects
9. Mainstreaming the Issue of People with Disabilities
10.Mainstreaming Environment in Development Projects

1. Exercise

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EMI General Objective
 
 The general objective of this session is to enable the
trainee recognize the importance of mainstreaming
cross cutting issues in project works.

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EMI Specific Objectives
At the end of this session the trainee will be able to:
 Describe the concept of cross cutting issues
mainstreaming in project works.
 Justify the way to mainstream gender, HIV/AIDS,
disabilities and environment in a project.
 Illustrate mainstreaming cross cutting issues in their
respective projects.
 Identify whether or not cross cutting issues have
appropriately mainstreamed in a project.
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EMI Definition of crosscutting issues
 Cross cutting issues are issues that touch on general
principles such as democracy and human rights, good
governance, children's rights and the rights of indigenous
peoples, gender equality, a sustainable environment and
HIV/AIDS. 
  cross-cutting concerns are aspects of a program
 that affect other concerns

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EMI Contd…
 Issues that affect all areas of concern within their
context. For example, in the context of commodity
security, the policy environment of a country is an issue
that affects all areas of strategy and work (areas like
donor coordination and logistics) that strengthen
commodity security.

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EMI Contd…
 Cross-cutting concerns are parts of a program that rely
on or must affect many other parts of the system. They
form the basis for the development of aspects. Such
cross-cutting concerns do not fit cleanly into 
object-oriented programming or 
procedural programming.

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EMI Contd…
 Cross-cutting issues are commonly defined as topics
which, by their very nature, have a strong impact on all
operations in a given field and, therefore, must receive
special attention. For agent, engaged in the field of
development cooperation, this means that the topics
defined as cross-cutting issues – Gender, Disability,
Environmental Protection and the Struggle against HIV-
Aids – should be considered in all programme and
projects.

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EMI Mainstreaming Gender in Development
Projects
Definition:-

Sex refers to the biological and genetic differences

between males and females which naturally cannot
be changed. It refers to physical attributes pertaining
to a person’s body contours, features, genitals,
hormones, genes, and reproductive organs.

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EMI Contd…
 Gender is a concept that refers to the social
differences, as opposed to the biological ones,
between women and men, which have been
learned, are changeable over time and have
wide variations both within and between
cultures. Gender affects the relationship
between women and men in the family and
society. It relates to the distribution of power,
position, class and responsibility. These are
determined by society and can also be
changed by society.

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EMI Sex Gender
Cultural or Socially
Biological
Constructed

Learned through
Given at birth. Therefore,
socialization. Therefore,
cannot be changed
can be changed.

Is dynamic and
Is static and remains the changes/varies through
same at all places time, across cultures,
families, etc.

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Is non-hierarchical Is hierarchical
 Activity – 1, the gender game
EMI
Gender Sex Statements

Women give birth, men don’t.

Girls should be gentle boys should be tough.

Globally, women or girls are the primary

caregivers for the sickened ones in more than two-
thirds of households.

Women can breastfeed; men can only bottle feed.

Many women do not make decisions with freedom,
especially regarding sexuality and relationships.
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 Sex Gender Statement
EMI

Men’s voices change with puberty.

Men do not need tenderness and are

less sensitive than women.

Women get paid less than men for

doing the same work.

Women have weaker sexual needs

than men.
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EMI
Contd…
 Mainstreaming a gender perspective is the process of assessing
the implications for women and men of any planned action,
including legislation, policies or programmes, in all areas and at all
levels. It is a strategy for making women’s as well as men’s
concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design,
implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and
programmes in all political, economic and societal spheres so that
women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated.
The ultimate goal of mainstreaming is to achieve gender equality”.
equality
 
 

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EMI Contd…
 Gender mainstreaming in project cycle management
can be defined as the process of ensuring that both
women and men have equal involvement, access and
control over resources, decision-making, and benefits
at all stages of the project cycle management.

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EMI Why Gender Mainstreaming?

In communities and societies gender is closely

linked to the division of labor and property
management. Gender, as a notion, has been used
to highlight the different roles and power relations
between women and men and thus, to better
empower women.

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 How Gender Mainstreaming is Carried?
EMI
Gender mainstreaming comprises activities like:
 Conducting a sound gender analysis of the different
roles, needs, priorities, and assets of men and women
in respect to the sector or project involved, and of the
impact of the proposed development intervention on
males and females;
 Integrating measures or provisions into project
design, based on the above information, to ensure
that both women and men benefit from the project, to
mitigate harm and provide alternative compensatory
measures, in cases where the harm cannot be
mitigated;
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EMI Contd…
 Allocating resources, responsibilities and
accountabilities to ensure that the measures will be
implemented; and
 Monitoring and evaluating the results of project
activities for both men and women and understanding
the gender implications thereof.

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 Means of Verification for Gender
EMI
Mainstreaming
The following are some of the common means helps us
to know whether a project is mainstreamed gender or
not.
 Analysis/Rationale
 Operational Actions
 Implementation Mechanisms
 Monitoring Outputs and
 Outcomes/Impact
In a project gender mainstreaming can be considered at
each level of project cycle as follows.

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EMI
Project cycle and Gender Mainstreaming
1
Identification
Knowledge Sharing Gender Analysis/
Need Assessment

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Evaluation 2
Gender Expertise Formulation

Adequate Resources
Gender –sensitive (financial/human)
Monitoring and Evaluation
Gender Planning

4 3
Implementation Appraisal

Gender-specific Action/
Capacity Building

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EMI Contd…
Building Blocks of a Gender Mainstreaming Strategy:
 Gender analysis/stakeholder analysis
 Gender needs assessment
 Gender planning
 Gender-specific action
 Capacity building on gender equality
 Gender sensitive monitoring & evaluation
 Relevant gender expertise
 Adequate resources
 Knowledge sharing on gender mainstreaming

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EMI Gender analysis
 the starting point for gender analysis in project
preparation involves the assessment of gender roles.
These can be divided in to four categories:
 Reproduction and household maintenance

 Production

 Community management

 Community decision making

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 Contd…
EMI  A useful tool for conducting gender analysis is the
gender analysis matrix. The matrix presents a summary
of the project’s potential impact on the various
stakeholders by gender.
 Using the gender analysis matrix, it is possible to detect
the specific ways in which the project may influence
certain groups. The potential impact of the project is
divided into four separate categories, namely:
 Labour- division of labor in quality and nature of the
work is not altered
 Time-consider the amount of time available to this group
 Resource-the quantity and type of resources controlled
by this group
 Social/Culture-consider what the project will likely have
an impact on this group.
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 Gender Analysis Matrix (adopted from
EMI MoFED; 2006)
Project Labour Time Resources Social/Culture
Impact

Women

Men

Household

Community

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EMI Gender needs assessment
 Gender needs assessment is closely linked to the
concept of gender analysis: they are both valuable
analytical tools for strengthening a project’s potential to
meet the different needs and interests of women and
men throughout the project cycle. A gender needs
assessment sheds light on both practical and strategic
gender needs. 
 Practical gender needs are needs that, once met,
enable women and men to maintain their existing
positions in society.  
 Strategic gender needs, on the other hand, once met,
transform these positions and subsequently alter power
relations between women and men.

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EMI Gender planning
Gender planning consists of developing a strategy which
describes how gender equality will be promoted in
project activities through specific measures and
organizational arrangements such as committing to
balanced representation of women and men in project
activities, ensuring that adequate resources and
expertise are available.

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 Contd…
EMI While we plan; the following are the key points to be considered:
 Conduct a gender analysis at the project planning stage at the
very latest, if it has not already been done at the pre-planning
stage. 
 Use the information gained through the gender analysis to good
effect when drawing up the actual project plan: in this way you
can eliminate many risks during the implementation.  
 Specify the objective and expected results of the project
separately for women, for men, and for other selected target
groups based on the analysis. 
 Consider whether you can satisfy both practical and strategic
gender-related needs. 
 Draw up indicators for the project objective and expected results
that describe or measure progress in gender equality, and
specify indicators for describing or measuring other aspects
according to gender.

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EMI
Gender specific action
 Gender specific action: Gender-specific action can be
defined as action which is adopted to redress gender-
based inequalities and discrimination against women
and/or men in a given context
 Capacity building on gender equity: Building capacity
for gender mainstreaming amongst project staff and
beneficiaries is essential for ensuring that gender
analysis and planning are applied throughout the project
cycle and used to inform project activities. Capacity
building could focus on:-
 Clarifying key gender concepts;
 Understanding the process and role of gender analysis;
 Providing practical guidance on how to undertake gender
planning for project and programme activities.
 
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 Gender sensitive monitoring and evaluation
EMI
 Monitoring and evaluation are important processes for
reviewing the extent to which projects are addressing
key gender issues, including progress towards equal
access to education, training and decent employment. In
order for monitoring and evaluation to be gender-
sensitive, it is crucial that relevant gender-sensitive
indicators are integrated into the project design and that
they in turn are integrated into the monitoring and
evaluation guidelines and terms of reference.
 The gender analysis and planning processes are key

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stages for developing gender-sensitive indicators.
EMI Relevant gender expertise
 Relevant gender expertise: The need to attract
relevant gender expertise in order to systematically
implement the various elements of strategy promoting
gender equality cuts across all of the above mentioned
building blocks.

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EMI
Adequate resources

 Adequate resources: Like gender expertise, sufficient

resources are essential to implement the various building
blocks of a mainstreaming strategy promoting gender
equality.

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EMI
Knowledge sharing on gender mainstreaming
 Knowledge sharing on gender mainstreaming:
Knowledge sharing is a process which begins by
capturing and organizing knowledge and experience,
and then proceeds to make this knowledge accessible
to a wider audience by cultivating new linkages
between interested groups.
 “Good practices” and “lessons learnt” are valuable
sources of knowledge, as they enable project staff to
learn from the experiences of other projects and apply
them in their own work.
 Knowledge sharing of the different approaches used to
promote gender equality in projects technical
cooperation activities allows the entire organization to
capitalize on those experiences.
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EMI Gender mainstreaming check list
 Does the project take into account the Ethiopian gender
related policies and regulations?
 Have gender perspectives been taken into account in
the preliminary project planning and base line studies?
If not, what steps can be taken?
 Have women and men equal opportunities to participate
and influence the project planning and decision-
making?
 Have both genders equal opportunities to be employed
in the project?
 Have both genders equal opportunities to seek
employment in the project management?
 Does the project planning contain activities, which
might cause tensions from traditional gender role
1 perspective?
EMI Contd…
 Does the project considered gender mainstreaming at
each level of a project cycle?(design, planning,
implementations, monitoring and evaluation)
 How is gender equality planned to be promoted in the
project?
 Have the project activities been designed so that both
women and men can benefit from them equally?
 Is there a need for additional training to promote
gender balance? If needed, remember to include the
work in the project and work plan, and in budget.
 Has a gender analysis been made for the project?

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EMI
Gender Equality come into reality by employing
Gender Mainstreaming as a strategy
Gender Equality is not Gender Equality is

Simply mean equal Equal visibility,

numbers of men & women empowerment &
in all activities participation of both sex in
all sphere of life

Means that men and women Equal realizing of their full

are the same potential, have opportunity,
contribute to and benefit
equally

Men and women’s

1 similarities and differences
 Mainstreaming HIV/AIDS in
EMI
Development Projects
The impact of HIV/AIDS is multidimensional; it affects
almost all corners of a community /society /a country.
The major HIV/AIDS impacts are the following:
 The effect on life expectancy
 The effect on households
 The effect on healthcare
 The effect on schools
 The effect on productivity
 The effect on economic growth and development

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EMI
Concept of Mainstreaming HIV/AIDS in
Development Projects
 Mainstreaming HIV/AIDS in development projects
is a process which enables development project actors
to strengthen the way in which they address the
causes and consequences of HIV/AIDS, through
adapting and improving both their existing work and
their workplace practices by considering appropriate
integrating plans, strategies and actions on HIV/AIDS
issue throughout the project life span.
 
 
 
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  The essence of the mainstreaming process can be
EMI
summed up in four questions.
 Internal: a) How does HIV/AIDS affect our
organization/project/employee and its ability to work
effectively, now and in the future?
 External: b) How does HIV/AIDS affect the people that
we work with, particularly in relation to the work that we
do with them?
 c) How may our work helping or hindering them to
become less susceptible to HIV infection and less
vulnerable to the impacts of AIDS?
 d) Where does our comparative advantage lie in
responding to these effects?

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 To answer these questions we can perform step by
EMI
step activities in a project cycle management;
Project cycle Actions/ Activities to be performed to mainstream HIV/AIDS
levels in development projects

Identification HIV/AIDS Assessment: Learning about the current impacts and

status of HIV/AIDS on the project area including employees’
experiences and the effects that HIVAIDS is having on their work
HIV/AIDS Impact Analysis: Predicting the impacts of AIDS on
the project and project area communities and assessing different
options for responding e.g. the costs and benefits of different
kinds of treatment for staff who are infected with HIV.
Identify the way forward: Clearly indicate activities, strategies
and inputs in a reliable manner that stakeholders, communities,
project beneficiaries and the employee take part in different roles.
Formulation HIV/AIDS Integrating Action Plan: Devising or adapting a
workplace policy which aims to reduce susceptibility and
vulnerability amongst staff members and so benefit the project.
Design a detailed action plan based on the stakeholders and
resources analysis.
Adapting systems to institutionalize attention to HIV/AIDS, e.g.
by including mainstreaming in employees’ responsibilities, and by
including appropriate elements of mainstreaming in all stages of
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the project cycle.
 Appraisal Modifying how the project functions in the
EMI context of HIV/AIDS to reduce ways in
which employees may be made more
susceptible to HIV infection by virtue of
working for/with donors and other
organizations, and to alter systems and
ways of working so that the project
outcome/impact can cope better with the
impacts of AIDS.
Implementat Monitoring implementation of the plan
ion adapting as appropriate.

Evaluation Evaluate the performance of the in respective

to the plan
Identify successes, failures and challenges
Scale up the success (if applicable), learn
from failures and find out strategies to
1 alleviate challenges in the future projects.
EMI
Check list to be used for HIV/AIDS
mainstreaming in a project
 Does the project take into account the Ethiopian
policies, guidelines and procedures on HIV/AIDS?
 Does the project have significant impact on the lives of
HIV positive persons or people living with AIDS?
 Have the HIV positive persons and people living with
AIDS been taken into account in the planning and initial
assessment phases? Have they participated in the
project planning?
 Does the project staff have sufficient knowledge on
HIV/AIDS? Have the AIDS related prejudices and
attitudes been discussed openly?

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  Do the HIV positive persons and people living with
EMI AIDS have equal possibilities to benefit from the project
and to participate in its activities?
 Do HIV positive persons and people living with AIDS
have equal opportunities to be employed in the project
and proceed in their work? Have there been reserved
an adequate amount of resources for needed AIDS
medication costs? Is the labor status and rights of the
people living with AIDS been secured?
 Does the project contain activities which might directly
or indirectly increase the risk of HIV infection?
 Does the project have such activities which might,
directly or indirectly, impair the social position of HIV
positive persons or people living with AIDS?
 Has a HIV/AIDS analysis been made for the project?

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 Mainstreaming the Issue of People
EMI
with Disabilities
Definitions
 UN implicitly defines the three most common terms
(impairment, disability and handicap) related to people
with disabilities.
 Impairment: Any loss of abnormality of psychological
or anatomical structure or function.
 Disability: Any restriction or lack (resulting from an
impairment) of ability to perform an activity in the
manner or within the range considered normal for a
human being.
 Handicap: A disadvantage for a given individual,
resulting from an impairment or disability, that limits or
prevents the fulfillment of a role that is normal,
depending on age, sex, social and cultural factors, for
1 that individual.
  Disability means physical and mental limitations in some
EMI
degrees. On the other hand, disability can be connected to
the social attitudes and other limitations caused by the
environment
 Some five to eight million women and men in Ethiopia, or 7
to 10 per cent of the population, have a disability. A vast
majority of people with disabilities live in rural areas where
access to basic services is limited. A survey on disability in
Ethiopia reported that 60 per cent of persons with
disabilities of working age were unemployed in 1995, of
whom some two thirds were self-employed in rural areas in
occupations such as agriculture, animal husbandry or
forest activities. Begging is often a prevalent means of
survival in urban centers, in addition to assistance from
religious institutions and charities.
 
  
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EMI All people are equal — they should be
 “The principle of equal rights for the disabled and non-
disabled implies that the needs of each and every
individual are of equal importance, that these needs must
be made the basis for the planning of societies, and that all
resources must be employed in such a way as to ensure,
for every individual, equal opportunity for participation.” 
 World Program of Action Concerning Disabled

 
 

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 PWDs issue mainstreaming in project
EMI
check list
 Does the project take into account the laws, policies,
and standards about people with disabilities?
 Has there been discussion in the project about
disabilities and on what extent it is a limiting factor due
to the (cultural) attitudes or due to the limiting factors in
the environment?
 Have PWDs been taken into account in the planning
and initial assessment phases? Have their possible
individual special needs been noticed?
 Have PWDs had the opportunity to determine their own
needs and thus influen­ce the content of the project
activities?

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  Have PWDs been involved in project planning so that
EMI
their special needs have been taken into account?
 Have the special skills and knowledge of PWDs been
utilized when the practical solutions have been
thought?
 Is there, for example, a need to allocate in budgeting
for Braille or plain langu­age materials, for accessories,
or for recorded materials for visually handicapped
people?
 Have the project and all activities been planned in a
way that besides their special needs, it is possible for
PWDs to benefit from and participate the planned
activities?

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EMI  Is it necessary to arrange e.g. interpreting for the
people with hearing loss?
 Are the buildings and premises of the project actions
accessible?
 Do the key project members have contacts to the
disabled people’s organiza­tions operating in the area?

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 Mainstreaming Environment in Development
EMI Projects
 Environmental issues have become one of the key
issues in the global politics. Population growth,
urbanization, climate change, desertification, and the
depletion of non-renewable natural resources are
examples of environmental factors, which, if
uncontrolled, might put in jeopardy the global scale
sustainable development. Nevertheless, it could be
difficult to grasp the specific environmental impacts of a
single project, especially as they might realize years
later.
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  Mainstreaming of environmental issues is a key
EMI element in sustainable development
Environmental mainstreaming in project check list
 Have the possible environmental impacts of the project
been notified in the initial assessment and project
planning?
 Has the project possible short term or long term
environmental impacts? (For example, waste
treatment, construction, materials, use of natural
resources, paper use, traveling, energy consumption,
etc.)
 Has the project possibility to support and strengthen
local capacity to adapt to and to mitigate the
consequences of the environmental change or other
natural catastrophes?

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  How vulnerable the environment in the project area is?
EMI Is there valuable (rare) flora in the region, protected
waters, or sensitive soil to contamination?
 Is the project or its nature vulnerable to floods, drought,
forest or bush fires, earthquakes, tsunamis, geological
accidents (e.g. landslides), extreme weather conditions
or technology-related accidents?
 How the project can prevent natural catastrophes and
support local disaster risk reduction?
 Can the project have a positive impact on local
attitudes about environmental issues, for example, by
increasing environmental awareness, taking care of the
nature, rotecting watercourse, recycling, consuming
with ethic (preferring nature saving products) etc.?

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EMI Transform (መታደስ)

 Start from basic institution(family)

የተሃድሶ ለውጥ
 መሰረታዊና ስርነቀል
 አዳዲስ ዕሴቶች፣ ባህሎችና አሰራሮችን፣ አዲስ ራዕይ፣
እና ለሰዎች አዲስ ሕይወትንና ተስፋን የሚመሳይ ሊሆን
ይገባል፡፡

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EMI
እኔ ማን ነኝ?

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EMI የተሃድሶ መሪ ነኝ?

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 Exercise
EMI
1. Define cross-cutting issue, gender, sex, and
mainstreaming and explain the difference and similarity
between them.
2. What is the Source of Unequal Treatment of People?
3. Social Process, Economic Process, Political Process
and Cultural/religious process puts limitation and gives
opportunities only for being a male or female discuss.
4. Identify the cross cutting issue of project planning in
Ethiopia and Address how to come up them?
5. Work on gender issue analysis by using the gender
analysis Metrix.
6. Discuss the essence of crosscutting issue in project..

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EMI
What Is Your Take Home?

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EMI