MOORE & MEALY

MACHINE
COMPILED BY
ASHWIN PRAKASH SRIVASTAVA
2ND IT
234/05
 LIMITATION OF
FINITE AUTOMATA MACHINES
 One limitation of the FINITE AUTOMATA is that
output is limited to a binary signal TRUE(1) or
FALSE(0) depending on the basis of reachability of the
final state by the initial state. The only explicit task a
machine has done so far is to recognize a language
whereas computers can perform calculations and convey
the result i.e. provide OUTPUT.
 FINITE AUTOMATA
WITH OUTPUT
 Moore and Mealy machines remove this limitation and
provide output. They are FINITE AUTOMATA
MACHINE with OUTPUT.
 For example We simply want to print out a copy of the
input string.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
MEALY AND MOORE
MACHINES
 In Mealy machine output function Z(t) depends on both the
present state q(t) and the present input x(t).

 The expression for Mealy machine is

 Z(t) = λ[q(t),x(t)]
 λ = output function.
 In Moore machine output function Z(t) depends only on the
present state and is independent of the current input.
 The expression for Moore machine is
 Z(t) = λ[q(t)].
 MOORE MACHINE
 Developed by E.F. Moore in 1956.
 It is a finite automata machine with output
 The output is associated with each state. Every state of
this machine has a fixed output.
 There is no concept of final state in Moore machine.
 It can be represented by Transition table as well as
Transition diagram.
 It is a six tuple machine.
 MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION
 M = (Q , Σ , λ , Δ , qo , δ)
 Q = A nonempty finite set of state in M.
 Σ = A nonempty finite set of input symbols.
 Δ = A nonempty finite set of outputs.
 δ = It is a transition function which takes two arguments input
state and input symbol.
 qo = Initial state of M belongs to Q.
 λ = It is a mapping function which maps Q to Δ giving output
associated with each state.
 REPRESENTATION OF
MOORE MACHINE
 Let M be a Moore machine and a1 , a2 , a3 , …….a n be
input symbols where n>0 then output of M is λ(q1) ,
λ(q2), λ(q3) , λ(q4) ………… λ(qn) , such that
 δ(qi – 1 , ai ) = qi for 1<i<n.
 EXAMPLE OF
MOORE MACHINE
TRANSITION TABLE

Present input output

state a=0 a=1
q0 q3 q1 0
q1 q1 q2 1

q2 q2 q3 0

q3 q3 q0 0
 VALUES OF
Q, Σ, Δ
 Q = {q0 , q1 , q2 , q3 }
 Σ={0,1}
 Δ={0,1}
 λ(q0) = 0 , λ(q1) = 1 , λ(q2) = 0 , λ(q3) = 0
 TRANSITION DIAGRAM

0 1

1
q0 q1 0
0
1
1 0

0
1

0
q2 q3
0 0
 PROCESSING OF STRING
THROUGH
MOORE MACHINE
 Let the input string be w = 0111 and Output string will
be єw’ = 00010.

0 0 0 1 0
є 0 1 1 1
q0 q3 q0 q1 q2

|w| = 4
|w’| = 5

Since for the input of null string the output is 0

 A Moore machine that counts the
occurrence of substring “aab” in the input
strung
 Let the input string be w = “aaabbbaabaa”
 M = (Q , Σ , λ , Δ , qo , δ)
 Q = { q1 , q2 , q3 , q4 }
 Σ={a,b}
 Δ={0,1}
 λ(q0 ) = 0 , λ(q1 ) = 0 , λ(q2 ) = 0 , λ(q3) = 1
 TRANSITION DIAGRAM

0 1
a
q1 q3
a a
b
b
0 b 0
q0 q2
b
a
 aaabbbaabaa

0 0 0 0 1
a a a b
q0 q1 q2 q2 q3
b
0 0 0 0 1
b a a b
q0 qo q1 q2 q3
a
0 0
q1 a q2
000010000100
 RESULT
 The occurrence of 1’s in the output string is 2 so the
number of times “aab” appears in the input string is 2.
 MEALY MACHINE
 Independently developed by G.H. Mealy in 1955
 Output is associated with each transition.
 Output is fixed for a particular input symbol.
 It can be represented by Transition table as well as
Transition diagram.
 It is a six tuple machine.
 MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION
 M = (Q , Σ , λ , Δ , qo , δ)
 Q = A nonempty finite set of state in M.
 Σ = A nonempty finite set of input symbols.
 Δ = A nonempty finite set of outputs.
 δ = It is a transition function which takes two arguments input
state and input symbol.
 qo = Initial state of M.
 λ = It is a mapping function which maps Q * Σ to Δ giving output
associated with each transition.
 REPRESENTATION OF
MEALY MACHINE
 Let M be a Mealy machine and a1 , a2 , a3 , …….a n be
input symbols where n>0 then output of M is λ(q0 , a1) ,
λ(q1 , a2) λ(q2 , a3) λ(q3 , a4) λ(q4 , a5)………… λ(qn - 1 , an),
such that
 δ(qi – 1 , ai ) = qi for 1<i<n.
 EXAMPLE OF
MEALY MACHINE
TRANSITION TABLE
Present state Input a=0 Input a=1
State output State output
q1 q3 0 q2 0
q2 q1 1 q4 1
q3 q2 1 q1 0
q4 q4 1 q3 0
 Values of
Q , Σ, Δ
 Q = { q1 , q2 , q3 , q4 }
 Σ={0,1}
 Δ={0,1}
 λ(q1 , 0) = 0 , λ(q2 , 0) = 1 , λ(q3 , 0) = 1 , λ(q4 , 0) = 1
 λ(q1 , 1) = 0 , λ(q2 , 1) = 0 , λ(q3 , 1) = 1 , λ(q4 , 1) = 0
 TRANSITION DIAGRAM

0/1
q1 q2
1/0

1/1 0/0 1/0

0/1

q3 1/0
q4 0/1
 PROCESSING OF STRING
THROUGH
MEALY MACHINE
 Let the input string be w = 0111 and Output string will
be w’ = 0100.

0/0 1/1 1/0 1/0

q1 q3 q1 q2 q4

|w| = 4
|w’| = 4
 TRANSFORMING A MOORE MACHINE INTO
A MEALY MACHINE

P
b d
q1

a/P
c
d
MOORE
MACHINE
b/P q1
MEALY
c/P MACHINE
 EXAMPLE

1
q1
a a
0 1
q0 b q3 a/b

b b
q2 0

a
MOORE MACHINE
CONVERT INTO MEALY MACHINE

q1
a/1 a/1

q0 b/0 q3 a/1 , b/1

b/0 b/1
q2

a/0
MEALY MACHINE
 TRANSFORMING A MEALY MACHINE INTO
A MOORE MACHINE
b/0

a/0 a/1
b/1 b/1
q1
MEALY MACHINE
b
0 1 a/1
a/1
q11 q12
a b/1 b b/1

MOORE MACHINE
 EXAMPLE
b/1

q1
a/0 a/1

a/1
q0 q2 b/0
b/0
b/1
a/0
q3

MEALY MACHINE
 MOORE MACHINE

b 1 a

q1
a a
0
a
0 q01 q21 b
a a
b b
1
q02 b
q3 0
b q22
a
1
THANK
YOU