PHARMACOLOGIC

TREATMENT OF
ALLERGIC RHITIS
• Antihistamine
-prevents histamime binding and action
-It is more effective when taken approximately 1
to 2 hours before anticipated exposure to the
offending allergen
-ex: Azelastine, Levocobastine and Olopatadine
• Decongestants
-are sympathomimetic agents that act on adrenergic receptors
in the nasal mucosa to produce vasoconstriction, shrink
swollen mucosa, and improve ventilation.

Nasal Corticosteroids
-reduce inflammation by blocking mediator release, effectively
relieve sneezing, rhinorrhea, pruritus, and nasal congestion.
• Cromolyn Sodium
-prevents antigen-triggered mast cell degranulation and release mediators,
including histamine

Ipratropium Bromide
-an anticholinergic agent useful in perennial allergic rhinitis

Montelukast
-a leukotriene receptor antagonist approved for treatment of seasonal rhinitis.
PHARMACOLOGIC THERAPY OF ASTHMA

B2-Agonist
-most effective bronchodilators available.
-it results to smooth muscle relaxation,
mast cell membrane stabilization, and
skeletal muscle stimulation.
• CORTICOSTEROIDS
Reduces mucus production and hypersection, reduce BHR, and reduce
airway edema and exudation.

Methylxanthines
-The most common methylxanthine used for asthma treatment is
theophylline.
- reversible airflow obstruction, airway hyperresponsiveness, and
airway inflammation.
• ANTICHOLINEGICS
-ex Ipratropium bromide and tiotropium bromide
-they produce bronchodilation only in cholinergicmediated
bronchoconstriction.

MAST CELL STABILIZERS

-ex Cromolyn sodium and nedocromil sodium
-they inhibit the response allergen challenge as well as EIB but do not
cause bronchodilation
• LEUKOTRIENE MODIFIERS
-Zafirlukast and montelukast are oral leukotriene
receptor antagonists that reduce the proinflammatory
and bronchoconstriction effects of leukotriene D4
-Zileuton is an inhibitor of leukotriene synthesis